Multi-modal inputs for voice commands

ABSTRACT

Systems and processes for operating an intelligent automated assistant are provided. In one example process, a first input including activation of an affordance is received. A domain associated with the affordance is determined. A second input including user speech is received, where a user intent is determined based on the domain and the user speech. A determination is made whether the user intent includes a command associated with the affordance. In accordance with a determination that the user intent includes a command associated with the affordance, a task in furtherance of the command is performed.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority from U.S. Provisional Application Ser.No. 62/739,020, entitled “MULTI-MODAL INPUTS FOR VOICE COMMANDS,” filedSep. 28, 2018, the content of which is hereby incorporated by referencein its entirety for all purposes.

FIELD

This application relates generally to intelligent automated assistantsand, more specifically, to multi-modal inputs for voice commands.

BACKGROUND

Intelligent automated assistants, or digital assistants, providebeneficial interfaces between human users and electronic devices.Conventional digital assistants may receive speech commands from a userand process the commands to perform one or more tasks. However,conventional digital assistants present difficulties in ultimatelyperforming a desired task. Certain tasks may be inherently difficult toperform based on speech input alone, such as tasks that requirespecifying a precise set of parameters or keywords. Furthermore, naturallanguage speech input commonly includes ambiguous terms, andconventional digital assistants may be unable to determine the meaningof one or more of these terms. Performing desired tasks based onnon-speech inputs can prove cumbersome and inefficient, such as usingfinger gestures on a display screen or interacting with physicalcontrols. Such problems are intensified given the increasing complexityof smart devices and a diverse experience level among users. Forexample, digital assistants may be especially overwhelming for beginnerusers. Accordingly, a system including multi-modal inputs for voicecommands is desired.

SUMMARY

Systems and processes including multi-modal inputs for voice commandsare provided. In one example process, at an electronic device, a firstinput including activation of an affordance is received. A domainassociated with the affordance is determined. A second input includinguser speech is received. A user intent is determined based on the domainand the user speech. A determination is made whether the user intentincludes a command associated with the affordance. In accordance with adetermination that the user intent includes a command associated withthe affordance, a task in furtherance of the command is performed.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating a system and environment forimplementing a digital assistant, according to various examples.

FIG. 2A is a block diagram illustrating a portable multifunction deviceimplementing the client-side portion of a digital assistant, accordingto various examples.

FIG. 2B is a block diagram illustrating exemplary components for eventhandling, according to various examples.

FIG. 3 illustrates a portable multifunction device implementing theclient-side portion of a digital assistant, according to variousexamples.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of an exemplary multifunction device with adisplay and a touch-sensitive surface, according to various examples.

FIG. 5A illustrates an exemplary user interface for a menu ofapplications on a portable multifunction device, according to variousexamples.

FIG. 5B illustrates an exemplary user interface for a multifunctiondevice with a touch-sensitive surface that is separate from the display,according to various examples.

FIG. 6A illustrates a personal electronic device, according to variousexamples.

FIG. 6B is a block diagram illustrating a personal electronic device,according to various examples.

FIG. 7A is a block diagram illustrating a digital assistant system or aserver portion thereof, according to various examples.

FIG. 7B illustrates the functions of the digital assistant shown in FIG.7A, according to various examples.

FIG. 7C illustrates a portion of an ontology, according to variousexamples.

FIGS. 8A-D illustrate an exemplary process for multi-modal inputs.

FIG. 9 illustrates an exemplary process for multi-modal inputs.

FIG. 10 illustrates an exemplary process for multi-modal inputs.

FIG. 11 illustrates an exemplary process for multi-modal inputs.

FIG. 12 illustrates an exemplary process for multi-modal inputs.

FIG. 13 illustrates an exemplary process for multi-modal inputs.

FIGS. 14A-B illustrate an exemplary process for multi-modal inputs.

FIGS. 15A-B illustrate an exemplary process for multi-modal inputs.

FIG. 16 illustrates an exemplary process for multi-modal inputs.

FIG. 17 illustrates an exemplary process for multi-modal inputs.

FIG. 18 illustrates an exemplary process for multi-modal inputs.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following description of examples, reference is made to theaccompanying drawings in which are shown by way of illustration specificexamples that can be practiced. It is to be understood that otherexamples can be used and structural changes can be made withoutdeparting from the scope of the various examples.

Conventional devices generally present difficulties in performingdesired tasks. Such problems are complicated when tasks become morecomplex. Performing certain tasks may require many precise steps, andcompleting these steps through conventional means is typically achallenging process. For example, a task for changing the date and timeof a meeting within a calendar application may require many individualsteps, such as opening the calendar application, selecting theappropriate day, finding the event, etc. These steps may be timeconsuming and confusing, especially for inexperienced users. Completingsuch a task based on voice commands may be equally challenging. Forexample, many users may be unfamiliar with voice interfaces, andseasoned users may still experience problems when a digital assistant isunable to determine user intent based on ambiguous natural langue input.Accordingly, the inability of a device to perform desired tasks resultsin a poor user experience.

In accordance with some systems, computer-readable media, and processesdescribed herein, task performance is improved by providing multi-modalinputs for voice commands. In one example process, a first input isreceived, including activation of an affordance displayed on a device.For example, a user may activate an application on a home screen of thedevice via a touch input. A domain associated with the affordance isdetermined, such as a geographical domain in the case of a mapsapplication. A second input including user speech is received, and auser intent is determined based on the speech and the determined domain.The speech input may include a command associated with the affordance,such as the input “find nearest Italian restaurants.” In accordance witha determination that the user intent includes a command associated withthe activated affordance, a task in furtherance of the command isperformed.

Although the following description uses terms “first,” “second,” etc. todescribe various elements, these elements should not be limited by theterms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element fromanother. For example, a first input could be termed a second input, and,similarly, a second input could be termed a first input, withoutdeparting from the scope of the various described examples. The firstinput and the second input are both inputs and, in some cases, areseparate and different inputs.

The terminology used in the description of the various describedexamples herein is for the purpose of describing particular examplesonly and is not intended to be limiting. As used in the description ofthe various described examples and the appended claims, the singularforms “a,” “an,” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms aswell, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will also beunderstood that the term “and/or” as used herein refers to andencompasses any and all possible combinations of one or more of theassociated listed items. It will be further understood that the terms“includes,” “including,” “comprises,” and/or “comprising,” when used inthis specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers,steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude thepresence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps,operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof.

The term “if” may be construed to mean “when” or “upon” or “in responseto determining” or “in response to detecting,” depending on the context.Similarly, the phrase “if it is determined” or “if [a stated conditionor event] is detected” may be construed to mean “upon determining” or“in response to determining” or “upon detecting [the stated condition orevent]” or “in response to detecting [the stated condition or event],”depending on the context.

1. System and Environment

FIG. 1 illustrates a block diagram of system 100 according to variousexamples. In some examples, system 100 implements a digital assistant.The terms “digital assistant,” “virtual assistant,” “intelligentautomated assistant,” or “automatic digital assistant” refer to anyinformation processing system that interprets natural language input inspoken and/or textual form to infer user intent, and performs actionsbased on the inferred user intent. For example, to act on an inferreduser intent, the system performs one or more of the following:identifying a task flow with steps and parameters designed to accomplishthe inferred user intent, inputting specific requirements from theinferred user intent into the task flow; executing the task flow byinvoking programs, methods, services, APIs, or the like; and generatingoutput responses to the user in an audible (e.g., speech) and/or visualform.

Specifically, a digital assistant is capable of accepting a user requestat least partially in the form of a natural language command, request,statement, narrative, and/or inquiry. Typically, the user request seekseither an informational answer or performance of a task by the digitalassistant. A satisfactory response to the user request includes aprovision of the requested informational answer, a performance of therequested task, or a combination of the two. For example, a user asksthe digital assistant a question, such as “Where am I right now?” Basedon the user's current location, the digital assistant answers, “You arein Central Park near the west gate.” The user also requests theperformance of a task, for example, “Please invite my friends to mygirlfriend's birthday party next week.” In response, the digitalassistant can acknowledge the request by saying “Yes, right away,” andthen send a suitable calendar invite on behalf of the user to each ofthe user's friends listed in the user's electronic address book. Duringperformance of a requested task, the digital assistant sometimesinteracts with the user in a continuous dialogue involving multipleexchanges of information over an extended period of time. There arenumerous other ways of interacting with a digital assistant to requestinformation or performance of various tasks. In addition to providingverbal responses and taking programmed actions, the digital assistantalso provides responses in other visual or audio forms, e.g., as text,alerts, music, videos, animations, etc.

As shown in FIG. 1, in some examples, a digital assistant is implementedaccording to a client-server model. The digital assistant includesclient-side portion 102 (hereafter “DA client 102”) executed on userdevice 104 and server-side portion 106 (hereafter “DA server 106”)executed on server system 108. DA client 102 communicates with DA server106 through one or more networks 110. DA client 102 provides client-sidefunctionalities such as user-facing input and output processing andcommunication with DA server 106. DA server 106 provides server-sidefunctionalities for any number of DA clients 102 each residing on arespective user device 104.

In some examples, DA server 106 includes client-facing I/O interface112, one or more processing modules 114, data and models 116, and I/Ointerface to external services 118. The client-facing I/O interface 112facilitates the client-facing input and output processing for DA server106. One or more processing modules 114 utilize data and models 116 toprocess speech input and determine the user's intent based on naturallanguage input. Further, one or more processing modules 114 perform taskexecution based on inferred user intent. In some examples, DA server 106communicates with external services 120 through network(s) 110 for taskcompletion or information acquisition. I/O interface to externalservices 118 facilitates such communications.

User device 104 can be any suitable electronic device. In some examples,user device 104 is a portable multifunctional device (e.g., device 200,described below with reference to FIG. 2A), a multifunctional device(e.g., device 400, described below with reference to FIG. 4), or apersonal electronic device (e.g., device 600, described below withreference to FIGS. 6A-6B.) A portable multifunctional device is, forexample, a mobile telephone that also contains other functions, such asPDA and/or music player functions. Specific examples of portablemultifunction devices include the Apple Watch®, iPhone®, iPod Touch®,and iPad® devices from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif. Other examples ofportable multifunction devices include, without limitation,earphones/headphones, speakers, and laptop or tablet computers. Further,in some examples, user device 104 is a non-portable multifunctionaldevice. In particular, user device 104 is a desktop computer, a gameconsole, a speaker, a television, or a television set-top box. In someexamples, user device 104 includes a touch-sensitive surface (e.g.,touch screen displays and/or touchpads). Further, user device 104optionally includes one or more other physical user-interface devices,such as a physical keyboard, a mouse, and/or a joystick. Variousexamples of electronic devices, such as multifunctional devices, aredescribed below in greater detail.

Examples of communication network(s) 110 include local area networks(LAN) and wide area networks (WAN), e.g., the Internet. Communicationnetwork(s) 110 is implemented using any known network protocol,including various wired or wireless protocols, such as, for example,Ethernet, Universal Serial Bus (USB), FIREWIRE, Global System for MobileCommunications (GSM), Enhanced Data GSM Environment (EDGE), codedivision multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA),Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), Wi-MAX, or anyother suitable communication protocol.

Server system 108 is implemented on one or more standalone dataprocessing apparatus or a distributed network of computers. In someexamples, server system 108 also employs various virtual devices and/orservices of third-party service providers (e.g., third-party cloudservice providers) to provide the underlying computing resources and/orinfrastructure resources of server system 108.

In some examples, user device 104 communicates with DA server 106 viasecond user device 122. Second user device 122 is similar or identicalto user device 104. For example, second user device 122 is similar todevices 200, 400, or 600 described below with reference to FIGS. 2A, 4,and 6A-6B. User device 104 is configured to communicatively couple tosecond user device 122 via a direct communication connection, such asBluetooth, NFC, BTLE, or the like, or via a wired or wireless network,such as a local Wi-Fi network. In some examples, second user device 122is configured to act as a proxy between user device 104 and DA server106. For example, DA client 102 of user device 104 is configured totransmit information (e.g., a user request received at user device 104)to DA server 106 via second user device 122. DA server 106 processes theinformation and returns relevant data (e.g., data content responsive tothe user request) to user device 104 via second user device 122.

In some examples, user device 104 is configured to communicateabbreviated requests for data to second user device 122 to reduce theamount of information transmitted from user device 104. Second userdevice 122 is configured to determine supplemental information to add tothe abbreviated request to generate a complete request to transmit to DAserver 106. This system architecture can advantageously allow userdevice 104 having limited communication capabilities and/or limitedbattery power (e.g., a watch or a similar compact electronic device) toaccess services provided by DA server 106 by using second user device122, having greater communication capabilities and/or battery power(e.g., a mobile phone, laptop computer, tablet computer, or the like),as a proxy to DA server 106. While only two user devices 104 and 122 areshown in FIG. 1, it should be appreciated that system 100, in someexamples, includes any number and type of user devices configured inthis proxy configuration to communicate with DA server system 106.

Although the digital assistant shown in FIG. 1 includes both aclient-side portion (e.g., DA client 102) and a server-side portion(e.g., DA server 106), in some examples, the functions of a digitalassistant are implemented as a standalone application installed on auser device. In addition, the divisions of functionalities between theclient and server portions of the digital assistant can vary indifferent implementations. For instance, in some examples, the DA clientis a thin-client that provides only user-facing input and outputprocessing functions, and delegates all other functionalities of thedigital assistant to a backend server.

2. Electronic Devices

Attention is now directed toward embodiments of electronic devices forimplementing the client-side portion of a digital assistant. FIG. 2A isa block diagram illustrating portable multifunction device 200 withtouch-sensitive display system 212 in accordance with some embodiments.Touch-sensitive display 212 is sometimes called a “touch screen” forconvenience and is sometimes known as or called a “touch-sensitivedisplay system.” Device 200 includes memory 202 (which optionallyincludes one or more computer-readable storage mediums), memorycontroller 222, one or more processing units (CPUs) 220, peripheralsinterface 218, RF circuitry 208, audio circuitry 210, speaker 211,microphone 213, input/output (I/O) subsystem 206, other input controldevices 216, and external port 224. Device 200 optionally includes oneor more optical sensors 264. Device 200 optionally includes one or morecontact intensity sensors 265 for detecting intensity of contacts ondevice 200 (e.g., a touch-sensitive surface such as touch-sensitivedisplay system 212 of device 200). Device 200 optionally includes one ormore tactile output generators 267 for generating tactile outputs ondevice 200 (e.g., generating tactile outputs on a touch-sensitivesurface such as touch-sensitive display system 212 of device 200 ortouchpad 455 of device 400). These components optionally communicateover one or more communication buses or signal lines 203.

As used in the specification and claims, the term “intensity” of acontact on a touch-sensitive surface refers to the force or pressure(force per unit area) of a contact (e.g., a finger contact) on thetouch-sensitive surface, or to a substitute (proxy) for the force orpressure of a contact on the touch-sensitive surface. The intensity of acontact has a range of values that includes at least four distinctvalues and more typically includes hundreds of distinct values (e.g., atleast 256). Intensity of a contact is, optionally, determined (ormeasured) using various approaches and various sensors or combinationsof sensors. For example, one or more force sensors underneath oradjacent to the touch-sensitive surface are, optionally, used to measureforce at various points on the touch-sensitive surface. In someimplementations, force measurements from multiple force sensors arecombined (e.g., a weighted average) to determine an estimated force of acontact. Similarly, a pressure-sensitive tip of a stylus is, optionally,used to determine a pressure of the stylus on the touch-sensitivesurface. Alternatively, the size of the contact area detected on thetouch-sensitive surface and/or changes thereto, the capacitance of thetouch-sensitive surface proximate to the contact and/or changes thereto,and/or the resistance of the touch-sensitive surface proximate to thecontact and/or changes thereto are, optionally, used as a substitute forthe force or pressure of the contact on the touch-sensitive surface. Insome implementations, the substitute measurements for contact force orpressure are used directly to determine whether an intensity thresholdhas been exceeded (e.g., the intensity threshold is described in unitscorresponding to the substitute measurements). In some implementations,the substitute measurements for contact force or pressure are convertedto an estimated force or pressure, and the estimated force or pressureis used to determine whether an intensity threshold has been exceeded(e.g., the intensity threshold is a pressure threshold measured in unitsof pressure). Using the intensity of a contact as an attribute of a userinput allows for user access to additional device functionality that mayotherwise not be accessible by the user on a reduced-size device withlimited real estate for displaying affordances (e.g., on atouch-sensitive display) and/or receiving user input (e.g., via atouch-sensitive display, a touch-sensitive surface, or aphysical/mechanical control such as a knob or a button).

As used in the specification and claims, the term “tactile output”refers to physical displacement of a device relative to a previousposition of the device, physical displacement of a component (e.g., atouch-sensitive surface) of a device relative to another component(e.g., housing) of the device, or displacement of the component relativeto a center of mass of the device that will be detected by a user withthe user's sense of touch. For example, in situations where the deviceor the component of the device is in contact with a surface of a userthat is sensitive to touch (e.g., a finger, palm, or other part of auser's hand), the tactile output generated by the physical displacementwill be interpreted by the user as a tactile sensation corresponding toa perceived change in physical characteristics of the device or thecomponent of the device. For example, movement of a touch-sensitivesurface (e.g., a touch-sensitive display or trackpad) is, optionally,interpreted by the user as a “down click” or “up click” of a physicalactuator button. In some cases, a user will feel a tactile sensationsuch as an “down click” or “up click” even when there is no movement ofa physical actuator button associated with the touch-sensitive surfacethat is physically pressed (e.g., displaced) by the user's movements. Asanother example, movement of the touch-sensitive surface is, optionally,interpreted or sensed by the user as “roughness” of the touch-sensitivesurface, even when there is no change in smoothness of thetouch-sensitive surface. While such interpretations of touch by a userwill be subject to the individualized sensory perceptions of the user,there are many sensory perceptions of touch that are common to a largemajority of users. Thus, when a tactile output is described ascorresponding to a particular sensory perception of a user (e.g., an “upclick,” a “down click,” “roughness”), unless otherwise stated, thegenerated tactile output corresponds to physical displacement of thedevice or a component thereof that will generate the described sensoryperception for a typical (or average) user.

It should be appreciated that device 200 is only one example of aportable multifunction device, and that device 200 optionally has moreor fewer components than shown, optionally combines two or morecomponents, or optionally has a different configuration or arrangementof the components. The various components shown in FIG. 2A areimplemented in hardware, software, or a combination of both hardware andsoftware, including one or more signal processing and/orapplication-specific integrated circuits.

Memory 202 includes one or more computer-readable storage mediums. Thecomputer-readable storage mediums are, for example, tangible andnon-transitory. Memory 202 includes high-speed random access memory andalso includes non-volatile memory, such as one or more magnetic diskstorage devices, flash memory devices, or other non-volatile solid-statememory devices. Memory controller 222 controls access to memory 202 byother components of device 200.

In some examples, a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium ofmemory 202 is used to store instructions (e.g., for performing aspectsof processes described below) for use by or in connection with aninstruction execution system, apparatus, or device, such as acomputer-based system, processor-containing system, or other system thatcan fetch the instructions from the instruction execution system,apparatus, or device and execute the instructions. In other examples,the instructions (e.g., for performing aspects of the processesdescribed below) are stored on a non-transitory computer-readablestorage medium (not shown) of the server system 108 or are dividedbetween the non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of memory202 and the non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of serversystem 108.

Peripherals interface 218 is used to couple input and output peripheralsof the device to CPU 220 and memory 202. The one or more processors 220run or execute various software programs and/or sets of instructionsstored in memory 202 to perform various functions for device 200 and toprocess data. In some embodiments, peripherals interface 218, CPU 220,and memory controller 222 are implemented on a single chip, such as chip204. In some other embodiments, they are implemented on separate chips.

RF (radio frequency) circuitry 208 receives and sends RF signals, alsocalled electromagnetic signals. RF circuitry 208 converts electricalsignals to/from electromagnetic signals and communicates withcommunications networks and other communications devices via theelectromagnetic signals. RF circuitry 208 optionally includes well-knowncircuitry for performing these functions, including but not limited toan antenna system, an RF transceiver, one or more amplifiers, a tuner,one or more oscillators, a digital signal processor, a CODEC chipset, asubscriber identity module (SIM) card, memory, and so forth. RFcircuitry 208 optionally communicates with networks, such as theInternet, also referred to as the World Wide Web (WWW), an intranetand/or a wireless network, such as a cellular telephone network, awireless local area network (LAN) and/or a metropolitan area network(MAN), and other devices by wireless communication. The RF circuitry 208optionally includes well-known circuitry for detecting near fieldcommunication (NFC) fields, such as by a short-range communicationradio. The wireless communication optionally uses any of a plurality ofcommunications standards, protocols, and technologies, including but notlimited to Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), Enhanced DataGSM Environment (EDGE), high-speed downlink packet access (HSDPA),high-speed uplink packet access (HSUPA), Evolution, Data-Only (EV-DO),HSPA, HSPA+, Dual-Cell HSPA (DC-HSPDA), long term evolution (LTE), nearfield communication (NFC), wideband code division multiple access(W-CDMA), code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multipleaccess (TDMA), Bluetooth, Bluetooth Low Energy (BTLE), Wireless Fidelity(Wi-Fi) (e.g., IEEE 802.11a, IEEE 802.11b, IEEE 802.11g, IEEE 802.11n,and/or IEEE 802.11ac), voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), Wi-MAX, aprotocol for e mail (e.g., Internet message access protocol (IMAP)and/or post office protocol (POP)), instant messaging (e.g., extensiblemessaging and presence protocol (XMPP), Session Initiation Protocol forInstant Messaging and Presence Leveraging Extensions (SIMPLE), InstantMessaging and Presence Service (IMPS)), and/or Short Message Service(SMS), or any other suitable communication protocol, includingcommunication protocols not yet developed as of the filing date of thisdocument.

Audio circuitry 210, speaker 211, and microphone 213 provide an audiointerface between a user and device 200. Audio circuitry 210 receivesaudio data from peripherals interface 218, converts the audio data to anelectrical signal, and transmits the electrical signal to speaker 211.Speaker 211 converts the electrical signal to human-audible sound waves.Audio circuitry 210 also receives electrical signals converted bymicrophone 213 from sound waves. Audio circuitry 210 converts theelectrical signal to audio data and transmits the audio data toperipherals interface 218 for processing. Audio data are retrieved fromand/or transmitted to memory 202 and/or RF circuitry 208 by peripheralsinterface 218. In some embodiments, audio circuitry 210 also includes aheadset jack (e.g., 312, FIG. 3). The headset jack provides an interfacebetween audio circuitry 210 and removable audio input/outputperipherals, such as output-only headphones or a headset with bothoutput (e.g., a headphone for one or both ears) and input (e.g., amicrophone).

I/O subsystem 206 couples input/output peripherals on device 200, suchas touch screen 212 and other input control devices 216, to peripheralsinterface 218. I/O subsystem 206 optionally includes display controller256, optical sensor controller 258, intensity sensor controller 259,haptic feedback controller 261, and one or more input controllers 260for other input or control devices. The one or more input controllers260 receive/send electrical signals from/to other input control devices216. The other input control devices 216 optionally include physicalbuttons (e.g., push buttons, rocker buttons, etc.), dials, sliderswitches, joysticks, click wheels, and so forth. In some alternateembodiments, input controller(s) 260 are, optionally, coupled to any (ornone) of the following: a keyboard, an infrared port, a USB port, and apointer device such as a mouse. The one or more buttons (e.g., 308, FIG.3) optionally include an up/down button for volume control of speaker211 and/or microphone 213. The one or more buttons optionally include apush button (e.g., 306, FIG. 3).

A quick press of the push button disengages a lock of touch screen 212or begin a process that uses gestures on the touch screen to unlock thedevice, as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/322,549,“Unlocking a Device by Performing Gestures on an Unlock Image,” filedDec. 23, 2005, U.S. Pat. No. 7,657,849, which is hereby incorporated byreference in its entirety. A longer press of the push button (e.g., 306)turns power to device 200 on or off. The user is able to customize afunctionality of one or more of the buttons. Touch screen 212 is used toimplement virtual or soft buttons and one or more soft keyboards.

Touch-sensitive display 212 provides an input interface and an outputinterface between the device and a user. Display controller 256 receivesand/or sends electrical signals from/to touch screen 212. Touch screen212 displays visual output to the user. The visual output includesgraphics, text, icons, video, and any combination thereof (collectivelytermed “graphics”). In some embodiments, some or all of the visualoutput correspond to user-interface objects.

Touch screen 212 has a touch-sensitive surface, sensor, or set ofsensors that accepts input from the user based on haptic and/or tactilecontact. Touch screen 212 and display controller 256 (along with anyassociated modules and/or sets of instructions in memory 202) detectcontact (and any movement or breaking of the contact) on touch screen212 and convert the detected contact into interaction withuser-interface objects (e.g., one or more soft keys, icons, web pages,or images) that are displayed on touch screen 212. In an exemplaryembodiment, a point of contact between touch screen 212 and the usercorresponds to a finger of the user.

Touch screen 212 uses LCD (liquid crystal display) technology, LPD(light emitting polymer display) technology, or LED (light emittingdiode) technology, although other display technologies may be used inother embodiments. Touch screen 212 and display controller 256 detectcontact and any movement or breaking thereof using any of a plurality oftouch sensing technologies now known or later developed, including butnot limited to capacitive, resistive, infrared, and surface acousticwave technologies, as well as other proximity sensor arrays or otherelements for determining one or more points of contact with touch screen212. In an exemplary embodiment, projected mutual capacitance sensingtechnology is used, such as that found in the iPhone® and iPod Touch®from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif.

A touch-sensitive display in some embodiments of touch screen 212 isanalogous to the multi-touch sensitive touchpads described in thefollowing U.S. Pat. No. 6,323,846 (Westerman et al.), U.S. Pat. No.6,570,557 (Westerman et al.), and/or U.S. Pat. No. 6,677,932(Westerman), and/or U.S. Patent Publication 2002/0015024A1, each ofwhich is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. However,touch screen 212 displays visual output from device 200, whereastouch-sensitive touchpads do not provide visual output.

A touch-sensitive display in some embodiments of touch screen 212 is asdescribed in the following applications: (1) U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 11/381,313, “Multipoint Touch Surface Controller,” filed May 2,2006; (2) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/840,862, “MultipointTouchscreen,” filed May 6, 2004; (3) U.S. patent application Ser. No.10/903,964, “Gestures For Touch Sensitive Input Devices,” filed Jul. 30,2004; (4) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/048,264, “Gestures ForTouch Sensitive Input Devices,” filed Jan. 31, 2005; (5) U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 11/038,590, “Mode-Based Graphical User InterfacesFor Touch Sensitive Input Devices,” filed Jan. 18, 2005; (6) U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 11/228,758, “Virtual Input Device Placement On ATouch Screen User Interface,” filed Sep. 16, 2005; (7) U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 11/228,700, “Operation Of A Computer With A TouchScreen Interface,” filed Sep. 16, 2005; (8) U.S. patent application Ser.No. 11/228,737, “Activating Virtual Keys Of A Touch-Screen VirtualKeyboard,” filed Sep. 16, 2005; and (9) U.S. patent application Ser. No.11/367,749, “Multi-Functional Hand-Held Device,” filed Mar. 3, 2006. Allof these applications are incorporated by reference herein in theirentirety.

Touch screen 212 has, for example, a video resolution in excess of 100dpi. In some embodiments, the touch screen has a video resolution ofapproximately 160 dpi. The user makes contact with touch screen 212using any suitable object or appendage, such as a stylus, a finger, andso forth. In some embodiments, the user interface is designed to workprimarily with finger-based contacts and gestures, which can be lessprecise than stylus-based input due to the larger area of contact of afinger on the touch screen. In some embodiments, the device translatesthe rough finger-based input into a precise pointer/cursor position orcommand for performing the actions desired by the user.

In some embodiments, in addition to the touch screen, device 200includes a touchpad (not shown) for activating or deactivatingparticular functions. In some embodiments, the touchpad is atouch-sensitive area of the device that, unlike the touch screen, doesnot display visual output. The touchpad is a touch-sensitive surfacethat is separate from touch screen 212 or an extension of thetouch-sensitive surface formed by the touch screen.

Device 200 also includes power system 262 for powering the variouscomponents. Power system 262 includes a power management system, one ormore power sources (e.g., battery, alternating current (AC)), arecharging system, a power failure detection circuit, a power converteror inverter, a power status indicator (e.g., a light-emitting diode(LED)) and any other components associated with the generation,management and distribution of power in portable devices.

Device 200 also includes one or more optical sensors 264. FIG. 2A showsan optical sensor coupled to optical sensor controller 258 in I/Osubsystem 206. Optical sensor 264 includes charge-coupled device (CCD)or complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) phototransistors.Optical sensor 264 receives light from the environment, projectedthrough one or more lenses, and converts the light to data representingan image. In conjunction with imaging module 243 (also called a cameramodule), optical sensor 264 captures still images or video. In someembodiments, an optical sensor is located on the back of device 200,opposite touch screen display 212 on the front of the device so that thetouch screen display is used as a viewfinder for still and/or videoimage acquisition. In some embodiments, an optical sensor is located onthe front of the device so that the user's image is obtained for videoconferencing while the user views the other video conferenceparticipants on the touch screen display. In some embodiments, theposition of optical sensor 264 can be changed by the user (e.g., byrotating the lens and the sensor in the device housing) so that a singleoptical sensor 264 is used along with the touch screen display for bothvideo conferencing and still and/or video image acquisition.

Device 200 optionally also includes one or more contact intensitysensors 265. FIG. 2A shows a contact intensity sensor coupled tointensity sensor controller 259 in I/O subsystem 206. Contact intensitysensor 265 optionally includes one or more piezoresistive strain gauges,capacitive force sensors, electric force sensors, piezoelectric forcesensors, optical force sensors, capacitive touch-sensitive surfaces, orother intensity sensors (e.g., sensors used to measure the force (orpressure) of a contact on a touch-sensitive surface). Contact intensitysensor 265 receives contact intensity information (e.g., pressureinformation or a proxy for pressure information) from the environment.In some embodiments, at least one contact intensity sensor is collocatedwith, or proximate to, a touch-sensitive surface (e.g., touch-sensitivedisplay system 212). In some embodiments, at least one contact intensitysensor is located on the back of device 200, opposite touch screendisplay 212, which is located on the front of device 200.

Device 200 also includes one or more proximity sensors 266. FIG. 2Ashows proximity sensor 266 coupled to peripherals interface 218.Alternately, proximity sensor 266 is coupled to input controller 260 inI/O subsystem 206. Proximity sensor 266 is performed as described inU.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/241,839, “Proximity Detector InHandheld Device”; Ser. No. 11/240,788, “Proximity Detector In HandheldDevice”; Ser. No. 11/620,702, “Using Ambient Light Sensor To AugmentProximity Sensor Output”; Ser. No. 11/586,862, “Automated Response ToAnd Sensing Of User Activity In Portable Devices”; and Ser. No.11/638,251, “Methods And Systems For Automatic Configuration OfPeripherals,” which are hereby incorporated by reference in theirentirety. In some embodiments, the proximity sensor turns off anddisables touch screen 212 when the multifunction device is placed nearthe user's ear (e.g., when the user is making a phone call).

Device 200 optionally also includes one or more tactile outputgenerators 267. FIG. 2A shows a tactile output generator coupled tohaptic feedback controller 261 in I/O subsystem 206. Tactile outputgenerator 267 optionally includes one or more electroacoustic devicessuch as speakers or other audio components and/or electromechanicaldevices that convert energy into linear motion such as a motor,solenoid, electroactive polymer, piezoelectric actuator, electrostaticactuator, or other tactile output generating component (e.g., acomponent that converts electrical signals into tactile outputs on thedevice). Contact intensity sensor 265 receives tactile feedbackgeneration instructions from haptic feedback module 233 and generatestactile outputs on device 200 that are capable of being sensed by a userof device 200. In some embodiments, at least one tactile outputgenerator is collocated with, or proximate to, a touch-sensitive surface(e.g., touch-sensitive display system 212) and, optionally, generates atactile output by moving the touch-sensitive surface vertically (e.g.,in/out of a surface of device 200) or laterally (e.g., back and forth inthe same plane as a surface of device 200). In some embodiments, atleast one tactile output generator sensor is located on the back ofdevice 200, opposite touch screen display 212, which is located on thefront of device 200.

Device 200 also includes one or more accelerometers 268. FIG. 2A showsaccelerometer 268 coupled to peripherals interface 218. Alternately,accelerometer 268 is coupled to an input controller 260 in I/O subsystem206. Accelerometer 268 performs, for example, as described in U.S.Patent Publication No. 20050190059, “Acceleration-based Theft DetectionSystem for Portable Electronic Devices,” and U.S. Patent Publication No.20060017692, “Methods And Apparatuses For Operating A Portable DeviceBased On An Accelerometer,” both of which are incorporated by referenceherein in their entirety. In some embodiments, information is displayedon the touch screen display in a portrait view or a landscape view basedon an analysis of data received from the one or more accelerometers.Device 200 optionally includes, in addition to accelerometer(s) 268, amagnetometer (not shown) and a GPS (or GLONASS or other globalnavigation system) receiver (not shown) for obtaining informationconcerning the location and orientation (e.g., portrait or landscape) ofdevice 200.

In some embodiments, the software components stored in memory 202include operating system 226, communication module (or set ofinstructions) 228, contact/motion module (or set of instructions) 230,graphics module (or set of instructions) 232, text input module (or setof instructions) 234, Global Positioning System (GPS) module (or set ofinstructions) 235, Digital Assistant Client Module 229, and applications(or sets of instructions) 236. Further, memory 202 stores data andmodels, such as user data and models 231. Furthermore, in someembodiments, memory 202 (FIG. 2A) or 470 (FIG. 4) stores device/globalinternal state 257, as shown in FIGS. 2A and 4. Device/global internalstate 257 includes one or more of: active application state, indicatingwhich applications, if any, are currently active; display state,indicating what applications, views or other information occupy variousregions of touch screen display 212; sensor state, including informationobtained from the device's various sensors and input control devices216; and location information concerning the device's location and/orattitude.

Operating system 226 (e.g., Darwin, RTXC, LINUX, UNIX, OS X, iOS,WINDOWS, or an embedded operating system such as VxWorks) includesvarious software components and/or drivers for controlling and managinggeneral system tasks (e.g., memory management, storage device control,power management, etc.) and facilitates communication between varioushardware and software components.

Communication module 228 facilitates communication with other devicesover one or more external ports 224 and also includes various softwarecomponents for handling data received by RF circuitry 208 and/orexternal port 224. External port 224 (e.g., Universal Serial Bus (USB),FIREWIRE, etc.) is adapted for coupling directly to other devices orindirectly over a network (e.g., the Internet, wireless LAN, etc.). Insome embodiments, the external port is a multi-pin (e.g., 30-pin)connector that is the same as, or similar to and/or compatible with, the30-pin connector used on iPod® (trademark of Apple Inc.) devices.

Contact/motion module 230 optionally detects contact with touch screen212 (in conjunction with display controller 256) and othertouch-sensitive devices (e.g., a touchpad or physical click wheel).Contact/motion module 230 includes various software components forperforming various operations related to detection of contact, such asdetermining if contact has occurred (e.g., detecting a finger-downevent), determining an intensity of the contact (e.g., the force orpressure of the contact or a substitute for the force or pressure of thecontact), determining if there is movement of the contact and trackingthe movement across the touch-sensitive surface (e.g., detecting one ormore finger-dragging events), and determining if the contact has ceased(e.g., detecting a finger-up event or a break in contact).Contact/motion module 230 receives contact data from the touch-sensitivesurface. Determining movement of the point of contact, which isrepresented by a series of contact data, optionally includes determiningspeed (magnitude), velocity (magnitude and direction), and/or anacceleration (a change in magnitude and/or direction) of the point ofcontact. These operations are, optionally, applied to single contacts(e.g., one finger contacts) or to multiple simultaneous contacts (e.g.,“multitouch”/multiple finger contacts). In some embodiments,contact/motion module 230 and display controller 256 detect contact on atouchpad.

In some embodiments, contact/motion module 230 uses a set of one or moreintensity thresholds to determine whether an operation has beenperformed by a user (e.g., to determine whether a user has “clicked” onan icon). In some embodiments, at least a subset of the intensitythresholds are determined in accordance with software parameters (e.g.,the intensity thresholds are not determined by the activation thresholdsof particular physical actuators and can be adjusted without changingthe physical hardware of device 200). For example, a mouse “click”threshold of a trackpad or touch screen display can be set to any of alarge range of predefined threshold values without changing the trackpador touch screen display hardware. Additionally, in some implementations,a user of the device is provided with software settings for adjustingone or more of the set of intensity thresholds (e.g., by adjustingindividual intensity thresholds and/or by adjusting a plurality ofintensity thresholds at once with a system-level click “intensity”parameter).

Contact/motion module 230 optionally detects a gesture input by a user.Different gestures on the touch-sensitive surface have different contactpatterns (e.g., different motions, timings, and/or intensities ofdetected contacts). Thus, a gesture is, optionally, detected bydetecting a particular contact pattern. For example, detecting a fingertap gesture includes detecting a finger-down event followed by detectinga finger-up (liftoff) event at the same position (or substantially thesame position) as the finger-down event (e.g., at the position of anicon). As another example, detecting a finger swipe gesture on thetouch-sensitive surface includes detecting a finger-down event followedby detecting one or more finger-dragging events, and subsequentlyfollowed by detecting a finger-up (liftoff) event.

Graphics module 232 includes various known software components forrendering and displaying graphics on touch screen 212 or other display,including components for changing the visual impact (e.g., brightness,transparency, saturation, contrast, or other visual property) ofgraphics that are displayed. As used herein, the term “graphics”includes any object that can be displayed to a user, including, withoutlimitation, text, web pages, icons (such as user-interface objectsincluding soft keys), digital images, videos, animations, and the like.

In some embodiments, graphics module 232 stores data representinggraphics to be used. Each graphic is, optionally, assigned acorresponding code. Graphics module 232 receives, from applicationsetc., one or more codes specifying graphics to be displayed along with,if necessary, coordinate data and other graphic property data, and thengenerates screen image data to output to display controller 256.

Haptic feedback module 233 includes various software components forgenerating instructions used by tactile output generator(s) 267 toproduce tactile outputs at one or more locations on device 200 inresponse to user interactions with device 200.

Text input module 234, which is, in some examples, a component ofgraphics module 232, provides soft keyboards for entering text invarious applications (e.g., contacts 237, email 240, IM 241, browser247, and any other application that needs text input).

GPS module 235 determines the location of the device and provides thisinformation for use in various applications (e.g., to telephone 238 foruse in location-based dialing; to camera 243 as picture/video metadata;and to applications that provide location-based services such as weatherwidgets, local yellow page widgets, and map/navigation widgets).

Digital assistant client module 229 includes various client-side digitalassistant instructions to provide the client-side functionalities of thedigital assistant. For example, digital assistant client module 229 iscapable of accepting voice input (e.g., speech input), text input, touchinput, and/or gestural input through various user interfaces (e.g.,microphone 213, accelerometer(s) 268, touch-sensitive display system212, optical sensor(s) 229, other input control devices 216, etc.) ofportable multifunction device 200. Digital assistant client module 229is also capable of providing output in audio (e.g., speech output),visual, and/or tactile forms through various output interfaces (e.g.,speaker 211, touch-sensitive display system 212, tactile outputgenerator(s) 267, etc.) of portable multifunction device 200. Forexample, output is provided as voice, sound, alerts, text messages,menus, graphics, videos, animations, vibrations, and/or combinations oftwo or more of the above. During operation, digital assistant clientmodule 229 communicates with DA server 106 using RF circuitry 208.

User data and models 231 include various data associated with the user(e.g., user-specific vocabulary data, user preference data,user-specified name pronunciations, data from the user's electronicaddress book, to-do lists, shopping lists, etc.) to provide theclient-side functionalities of the digital assistant. Further, user dataand models 231 include various models (e.g., speech recognition models,statistical language models, natural language processing models,ontology, task flow models, service models, etc.) for processing userinput and determining user intent.

In some examples, digital assistant client module 229 utilizes thevarious sensors, subsystems, and peripheral devices of portablemultifunction device 200 to gather additional information from thesurrounding environment of the portable multifunction device 200 toestablish a context associated with a user, the current userinteraction, and/or the current user input. In some examples, digitalassistant client module 229 provides the contextual information or asubset thereof with the user input to DA server 106 to help infer theuser's intent. In some examples, the digital assistant also uses thecontextual information to determine how to prepare and deliver outputsto the user. Contextual information is referred to as context data.

In some examples, the contextual information that accompanies the userinput includes sensor information, e.g., lighting, ambient noise,ambient temperature, images or videos of the surrounding environment,etc. In some examples, the contextual information can also include thephysical state of the device, e.g., device orientation, device location,device temperature, power level, speed, acceleration, motion patterns,cellular signals strength, etc. In some examples, information related tothe software state of DA server 106, e.g., running processes, installedprograms, past and present network activities, background services,error logs, resources usage, etc., and of portable multifunction device200 is provided to DA server 106 as contextual information associatedwith a user input.

In some examples, the digital assistant client module 229 selectivelyprovides information (e.g., user data 231) stored on the portablemultifunction device 200 in response to requests from DA server 106. Insome examples, digital assistant client module 229 also elicitsadditional input from the user via a natural language dialogue or otheruser interfaces upon request by DA server 106. Digital assistant clientmodule 229 passes the additional input to DA server 106 to help DAserver 106 in intent deduction and/or fulfillment of the user's intentexpressed in the user request.

A more detailed description of a digital assistant is described belowwith reference to FIGS. 7A-7C. It should be recognized that digitalassistant client module 229 can include any number of the sub-modules ofdigital assistant module 726 described below.

Applications 236 include the following modules (or sets ofinstructions), or a subset or superset thereof:

-   -   Contacts module 237 (sometimes called an address book or contact        list);    -   Telephone module 238;    -   Video conference module 239;    -   E-mail client module 240;    -   Instant messaging (IM) module 241;    -   Workout support module 242;    -   Camera module 243 for still and/or video images;    -   Image management module 244;    -   Video player module;    -   Music player module;    -   Browser module 247;    -   Calendar module 248;    -   Widget modules 249, which includes, in some examples, one or        more of: weather widget 249-1, stocks widget 249-2, calculator        widget 249-3, alarm clock widget 249-4, dictionary widget 249-5,        and other widgets obtained by the user, as well as user-created        widgets 249-6;    -   Widget creator module 250 for making user-created widgets 249-6;    -   Search module 251;    -   Video and music player module 252, which merges video player        module and music player module;    -   Notes module 253;    -   Map module 254; and/or    -   Online video module 255.

Examples of other applications 236 that are stored in memory 202 includeother word processing applications, other image editing applications,drawing applications, presentation applications, JAVA-enabledapplications, encryption, digital rights management, voice recognition,and voice replication.

In conjunction with touch screen 212, display controller 256,contact/motion module 230, graphics module 232, and text input module234, contacts module 237 are used to manage an address book or contactlist (e.g., stored in application internal state 292 of contacts module237 in memory 202 or memory 470), including: adding name(s) to theaddress book; deleting name(s) from the address book; associatingtelephone number(s), e-mail address(es), physical address(es) or otherinformation with a name; associating an image with a name; categorizingand sorting names; providing telephone numbers or e-mail addresses toinitiate and/or facilitate communications by telephone 238, videoconference module 239, e-mail 240, or IM 241; and so forth.

In conjunction with RF circuitry 208, audio circuitry 210, speaker 211,microphone 213, touch screen 212, display controller 256, contact/motionmodule 230, graphics module 232, and text input module 234, telephonemodule 238 are used to enter a sequence of characters corresponding to atelephone number, access one or more telephone numbers in contactsmodule 237, modify a telephone number that has been entered, dial arespective telephone number, conduct a conversation, and disconnect orhang up when the conversation is completed. As noted above, the wirelesscommunication uses any of a plurality of communications standards,protocols, and technologies.

In conjunction with RF circuitry 208, audio circuitry 210, speaker 211,microphone 213, touch screen 212, display controller 256, optical sensor264, optical sensor controller 258, contact/motion module 230, graphicsmodule 232, text input module 234, contacts module 237, and telephonemodule 238, video conference module 239 includes executable instructionsto initiate, conduct, and terminate a video conference between a userand one or more other participants in accordance with user instructions.

In conjunction with RF circuitry 208, touch screen 212, displaycontroller 256, contact/motion module 230, graphics module 232, and textinput module 234, e-mail client module 240 includes executableinstructions to create, send, receive, and manage e-mail in response touser instructions. In conjunction with image management module 244,e-mail client module 240 makes it very easy to create and send e-mailswith still or video images taken with camera module 243.

In conjunction with RF circuitry 208, touch screen 212, displaycontroller 256, contact/motion module 230, graphics module 232, and textinput module 234, the instant messaging module 241 includes executableinstructions to enter a sequence of characters corresponding to aninstant message, to modify previously entered characters, to transmit arespective instant message (for example, using a Short Message Service(SMS) or Multimedia Message Service (MMS) protocol for telephony-basedinstant messages or using XMPP, SIMPLE, or IMPS for Internet-basedinstant messages), to receive instant messages, and to view receivedinstant messages. In some embodiments, transmitted and/or receivedinstant messages include graphics, photos, audio files, video filesand/or other attachments as are supported in an MMS and/or an EnhancedMessaging Service (EMS). As used herein, “instant messaging” refers toboth telephony-based messages (e.g., messages sent using SMS or MMS) andInternet-based messages (e.g., messages sent using XMPP, SIMPLE, orIMPS).

In conjunction with RF circuitry 208, touch screen 212, displaycontroller 256, contact/motion module 230, graphics module 232, textinput module 234, GPS module 235, map module 254, and music playermodule, workout support module 242 includes executable instructions tocreate workouts (e.g., with time, distance, and/or calorie burninggoals); communicate with workout sensors (sports devices); receiveworkout sensor data; calibrate sensors used to monitor a workout; selectand play music for a workout; and display, store, and transmit workoutdata.

In conjunction with touch screen 212, display controller 256, opticalsensor(s) 264, optical sensor controller 258, contact/motion module 230,graphics module 232, and image management module 244, camera module 243includes executable instructions to capture still images or video(including a video stream) and store them into memory 202, modifycharacteristics of a still image or video, or delete a still image orvideo from memory 202.

In conjunction with touch screen 212, display controller 256,contact/motion module 230, graphics module 232, text input module 234,and camera module 243, image management module 244 includes executableinstructions to arrange, modify (e.g., edit), or otherwise manipulate,label, delete, present (e.g., in a digital slide show or album), andstore still and/or video images.

In conjunction with RF circuitry 208, touch screen 212, displaycontroller 256, contact/motion module 230, graphics module 232, and textinput module 234, browser module 247 includes executable instructions tobrowse the Internet in accordance with user instructions, includingsearching, linking to, receiving, and displaying web pages or portionsthereof, as well as attachments and other files linked to web pages.

In conjunction with RF circuitry 208, touch screen 212, displaycontroller 256, contact/motion module 230, graphics module 232, textinput module 234, e-mail client module 240, and browser module 247,calendar module 248 includes executable instructions to create, display,modify, and store calendars and data associated with calendars (e.g.,calendar entries, to-do lists, etc.) in accordance with userinstructions.

In conjunction with RF circuitry 208, touch screen 212, displaycontroller 256, contact/motion module 230, graphics module 232, textinput module 234, and browser module 247, widget modules 249 aremini-applications that can be downloaded and used by a user (e.g.,weather widget 249-1, stocks widget 249-2, calculator widget 249-3,alarm clock widget 249-4, and dictionary widget 249-5) or created by theuser (e.g., user-created widget 249-6). In some embodiments, a widgetincludes an HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) file, a CSS (CascadingStyle Sheets) file, and a JavaScript file. In some embodiments, a widgetincludes an XML (Extensible Markup Language) file and a JavaScript file(e.g., Yahoo! Widgets).

In conjunction with RF circuitry 208, touch screen 212, displaycontroller 256, contact/motion module 230, graphics module 232, textinput module 234, and browser module 247, the widget creator module 250are used by a user to create widgets (e.g., turning a user-specifiedportion of a web page into a widget).

In conjunction with touch screen 212, display controller 256,contact/motion module 230, graphics module 232, and text input module234, search module 251 includes executable instructions to search fortext, music, sound, image, video, and/or other files in memory 202 thatmatch one or more search criteria (e.g., one or more user-specifiedsearch terms) in accordance with user instructions.

In conjunction with touch screen 212, display controller 256,contact/motion module 230, graphics module 232, audio circuitry 210,speaker 211, RF circuitry 208, and browser module 247, video and musicplayer module 252 includes executable instructions that allow the userto download and play back recorded music and other sound files stored inone or more file formats, such as MP3 or AAC files, and executableinstructions to display, present, or otherwise play back videos (e.g.,on touch screen 212 or on an external, connected display via externalport 224). In some embodiments, device 200 optionally includes thefunctionality of an MP3 player, such as an iPod (trademark of AppleInc.).

In conjunction with touch screen 212, display controller 256,contact/motion module 230, graphics module 232, and text input module234, notes module 253 includes executable instructions to create andmanage notes, to-do lists, and the like in accordance with userinstructions.

In conjunction with RF circuitry 208, touch screen 212, displaycontroller 256, contact/motion module 230, graphics module 232, textinput module 234, GPS module 235, and browser module 247, map module 254are used to receive, display, modify, and store maps and data associatedwith maps (e.g., driving directions, data on stores and other points ofinterest at or near a particular location, and other location-baseddata) in accordance with user instructions.

In conjunction with touch screen 212, display controller 256,contact/motion module 230, graphics module 232, audio circuitry 210,speaker 211, RF circuitry 208, text input module 234, e-mail clientmodule 240, and browser module 247, online video module 255 includesinstructions that allow the user to access, browse, receive (e.g., bystreaming and/or download), play back (e.g., on the touch screen or onan external, connected display via external port 224), send an e-mailwith a link to a particular online video, and otherwise manage onlinevideos in one or more file formats, such as H.264. In some embodiments,instant messaging module 241, rather than e-mail client module 240, isused to send a link to a particular online video. Additional descriptionof the online video application can be found in U.S. Provisional PatentApplication No. 60/936,562, “Portable Multifunction Device, Method, andGraphical User Interface for Playing Online Videos,” filed Jun. 20,2007, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/968,067, “PortableMultifunction Device, Method, and Graphical User Interface for PlayingOnline Videos,” filed Dec. 31, 2007, the contents of which are herebyincorporated by reference in their entirety.

Each of the above-identified modules and applications corresponds to aset of executable instructions for performing one or more functionsdescribed above and the methods described in this application (e.g., thecomputer-implemented methods and other information processing methodsdescribed herein). These modules (e.g., sets of instructions) need notbe implemented as separate software programs, procedures, or modules,and thus various subsets of these modules can be combined or otherwiserearranged in various embodiments. For example, video player module canbe combined with music player module into a single module (e.g., videoand music player module 252, FIG. 2A). In some embodiments, memory 202stores a subset of the modules and data structures identified above.Furthermore, memory 202 stores additional modules and data structuresnot described above.

In some embodiments, device 200 is a device where operation of apredefined set of functions on the device is performed exclusivelythrough a touch screen and/or a touchpad. By using a touch screen and/ora touchpad as the primary input control device for operation of device200, the number of physical input control devices (such as push buttons,dials, and the like) on device 200 is reduced.

The predefined set of functions that are performed exclusively through atouch screen and/or a touchpad optionally include navigation betweenuser interfaces. In some embodiments, the touchpad, when touched by theuser, navigates device 200 to a main, home, or root menu from any userinterface that is displayed on device 200. In such embodiments, a “menubutton” is implemented using a touchpad. In some other embodiments, themenu button is a physical push button or other physical input controldevice instead of a touchpad.

FIG. 2B is a block diagram illustrating exemplary components for eventhandling in accordance with some embodiments. In some embodiments,memory 202 (FIG. 2A) or 470 (FIG. 4) includes event sorter 270 (e.g., inoperating system 226) and a respective application 236-1 (e.g., any ofthe aforementioned applications 237-251, 255, 480-490).

Event sorter 270 receives event information and determines theapplication 236-1 and application view 291 of application 236-1 to whichto deliver the event information. Event sorter 270 includes eventmonitor 271 and event dispatcher module 274. In some embodiments,application 236-1 includes application internal state 292, whichindicates the current application view(s) displayed on touch-sensitivedisplay 212 when the application is active or executing. In someembodiments, device/global internal state 257 is used by event sorter270 to determine which application(s) is (are) currently active, andapplication internal state 292 is used by event sorter 270 to determineapplication views 291 to which to deliver event information.

In some embodiments, application internal state 292 includes additionalinformation, such as one or more of: resume information to be used whenapplication 236-1 resumes execution, user interface state informationthat indicates information being displayed or that is ready for displayby application 236-1, a state queue for enabling the user to go back toa prior state or view of application 236-1, and a redo/undo queue ofprevious actions taken by the user.

Event monitor 271 receives event information from peripherals interface218. Event information includes information about a sub-event (e.g., auser touch on touch-sensitive display 212, as part of a multi-touchgesture). Peripherals interface 218 transmits information it receivesfrom I/O subsystem 206 or a sensor, such as proximity sensor 266,accelerometer(s) 268, and/or microphone 213 (through audio circuitry210). Information that peripherals interface 218 receives from I/Osubsystem 206 includes information from touch-sensitive display 212 or atouch-sensitive surface.

In some embodiments, event monitor 271 sends requests to the peripheralsinterface 218 at predetermined intervals. In response, peripheralsinterface 218 transmits event information. In other embodiments,peripherals interface 218 transmits event information only when there isa significant event (e.g., receiving an input above a predeterminednoise threshold and/or for more than a predetermined duration).

In some embodiments, event sorter 270 also includes a hit viewdetermination module 272 and/or an active event recognizer determinationmodule 273.

Hit view determination module 272 provides software procedures fordetermining where a sub-event has taken place within one or more viewswhen touch-sensitive display 212 displays more than one view. Views aremade up of controls and other elements that a user can see on thedisplay.

Another aspect of the user interface associated with an application is aset of views, sometimes herein called application views or userinterface windows, in which information is displayed and touch-basedgestures occur. The application views (of a respective application) inwhich a touch is detected correspond to programmatic levels within aprogrammatic or view hierarchy of the application. For example, thelowest level view in which a touch is detected is called the hit view,and the set of events that are recognized as proper inputs is determinedbased, at least in part, on the hit view of the initial touch thatbegins a touch-based gesture.

Hit view determination module 272 receives information related to subevents of a touch-based gesture. When an application has multiple viewsorganized in a hierarchy, hit view determination module 272 identifies ahit view as the lowest view in the hierarchy which should handle thesub-event. In most circumstances, the hit view is the lowest level viewin which an initiating sub-event occurs (e.g., the first sub-event inthe sequence of sub-events that form an event or potential event). Oncethe hit view is identified by the hit view determination module 272, thehit view typically receives all sub-events related to the same touch orinput source for which it was identified as the hit view.

Active event recognizer determination module 273 determines which viewor views within a view hierarchy should receive a particular sequence ofsub-events. In some embodiments, active event recognizer determinationmodule 273 determines that only the hit view should receive a particularsequence of sub-events. In other embodiments, active event recognizerdetermination module 273 determines that all views that include thephysical location of a sub-event are actively involved views, andtherefore determines that all actively involved views should receive aparticular sequence of sub-events. In other embodiments, even if touchsub-events were entirely confined to the area associated with oneparticular view, views higher in the hierarchy would still remain asactively involved views.

Event dispatcher module 274 dispatches the event information to an eventrecognizer (e.g., event recognizer 280). In embodiments including activeevent recognizer determination module 273, event dispatcher module 274delivers the event information to an event recognizer determined byactive event recognizer determination module 273. In some embodiments,event dispatcher module 274 stores in an event queue the eventinformation, which is retrieved by a respective event receiver 282.

In some embodiments, operating system 226 includes event sorter 270.Alternatively, application 236-1 includes event sorter 270. In yet otherembodiments, event sorter 270 is a stand-alone module, or a part ofanother module stored in memory 202, such as contact/motion module 230.

In some embodiments, application 236-1 includes a plurality of eventhandlers 290 and one or more application views 291, each of whichincludes instructions for handling touch events that occur within arespective view of the application's user interface. Each applicationview 291 of the application 236-1 includes one or more event recognizers280. Typically, a respective application view 291 includes a pluralityof event recognizers 280. In other embodiments, one or more of eventrecognizers 280 are part of a separate module, such as a user interfacekit (not shown) or a higher level object from which application 236-1inherits methods and other properties. In some embodiments, a respectiveevent handler 290 includes one or more of: data updater 276, objectupdater 277, GUI updater 278, and/or event data 279 received from eventsorter 270. Event handler 290 utilizes or calls data updater 276, objectupdater 277, or GUI updater 278 to update the application internal state292. Alternatively, one or more of the application views 291 include oneor more respective event handlers 290. Also, in some embodiments, one ormore of data updater 276, object updater 277, and GUI updater 278 areincluded in a respective application view 291.

A respective event recognizer 280 receives event information (e.g.,event data 279) from event sorter 270 and identifies an event from theevent information. Event recognizer 280 includes event receiver 282 andevent comparator 284. In some embodiments, event recognizer 280 alsoincludes at least a subset of: metadata 283, and event deliveryinstructions 288 (which include sub-event delivery instructions).

Event receiver 282 receives event information from event sorter 270. Theevent information includes information about a sub-event, for example, atouch or a touch movement. Depending on the sub-event, the eventinformation also includes additional information, such as location ofthe sub-event. When the sub-event concerns motion of a touch, the eventinformation also includes speed and direction of the sub-event. In someembodiments, events include rotation of the device from one orientationto another (e.g., from a portrait orientation to a landscapeorientation, or vice versa), and the event information includescorresponding information about the current orientation (also calleddevice attitude) of the device.

Event comparator 284 compares the event information to predefined eventor sub-event definitions and, based on the comparison, determines anevent or sub event, or determines or updates the state of an event orsub-event. In some embodiments, event comparator 284 includes eventdefinitions 286. Event definitions 286 contain definitions of events(e.g., predefined sequences of sub-events), for example, event 1(287-1), event 2 (287-2), and others. In some embodiments, sub-events inan event (287) include, for example, touch begin, touch end, touchmovement, touch cancellation, and multiple touching. In one example, thedefinition for event 1 (287-1) is a double tap on a displayed object.The double tap, for example, comprises a first touch (touch begin) onthe displayed object for a predetermined phase, a first liftoff (touchend) for a predetermined phase, a second touch (touch begin) on thedisplayed object for a predetermined phase, and a second liftoff (touchend) for a predetermined phase. In another example, the definition forevent 2 (287-2) is a dragging on a displayed object. The dragging, forexample, comprises a touch (or contact) on the displayed object for apredetermined phase, a movement of the touch across touch-sensitivedisplay 212, and liftoff of the touch (touch end). In some embodiments,the event also includes information for one or more associated eventhandlers 290.

In some embodiments, event definition 287 includes a definition of anevent for a respective user-interface object. In some embodiments, eventcomparator 284 performs a hit test to determine which user-interfaceobject is associated with a sub-event. For example, in an applicationview in which three user-interface objects are displayed ontouch-sensitive display 212, when a touch is detected on touch-sensitivedisplay 212, event comparator 284 performs a hit test to determine whichof the three user-interface objects is associated with the touch(sub-event). If each displayed object is associated with a respectiveevent handler 290, the event comparator uses the result of the hit testto determine which event handler 290 should be activated. For example,event comparator 284 selects an event handler associated with thesub-event and the object triggering the hit test.

In some embodiments, the definition for a respective event (287) alsoincludes delayed actions that delay delivery of the event informationuntil after it has been determined whether the sequence of sub-eventsdoes or does not correspond to the event recognizer's event type.

When a respective event recognizer 280 determines that the series ofsub-events do not match any of the events in event definitions 286, therespective event recognizer 280 enters an event impossible, eventfailed, or event ended state, after which it disregards subsequentsub-events of the touch-based gesture. In this situation, other eventrecognizers, if any, that remain active for the hit view continue totrack and process sub-events of an ongoing touch-based gesture.

In some embodiments, a respective event recognizer 280 includes metadata283 with configurable properties, flags, and/or lists that indicate howthe event delivery system should perform sub-event delivery to activelyinvolved event recognizers. In some embodiments, metadata 283 includesconfigurable properties, flags, and/or lists that indicate how eventrecognizers interact, or are enabled to interact, with one another. Insome embodiments, metadata 283 includes configurable properties, flags,and/or lists that indicate whether sub-events are delivered to varyinglevels in the view or programmatic hierarchy.

In some embodiments, a respective event recognizer 280 activates eventhandler 290 associated with an event when one or more particularsub-events of an event are recognized. In some embodiments, a respectiveevent recognizer 280 delivers event information associated with theevent to event handler 290. Activating an event handler 290 is distinctfrom sending (and deferred sending) sub-events to a respective hit view.In some embodiments, event recognizer 280 throws a flag associated withthe recognized event, and event handler 290 associated with the flagcatches the flag and performs a predefined process.

In some embodiments, event delivery instructions 288 include sub-eventdelivery instructions that deliver event information about a sub-eventwithout activating an event handler. Instead, the sub-event deliveryinstructions deliver event information to event handlers associated withthe series of sub-events or to actively involved views. Event handlersassociated with the series of sub-events or with actively involved viewsreceive the event information and perform a predetermined process.

In some embodiments, data updater 276 creates and updates data used inapplication 236-1. For example, data updater 276 updates the telephonenumber used in contacts module 237, or stores a video file used in videoplayer module. In some embodiments, object updater 277 creates andupdates objects used in application 236-1. For example, object updater277 creates a new user-interface object or updates the position of auser-interface object. GUI updater 278 updates the GUI. For example, GUIupdater 278 prepares display information and sends it to graphics module232 for display on a touch-sensitive display.

In some embodiments, event handler(s) 290 includes or has access to dataupdater 276, object updater 277, and GUI updater 278. In someembodiments, data updater 276, object updater 277, and GUI updater 278are included in a single module of a respective application 236-1 orapplication view 291. In other embodiments, they are included in two ormore software modules.

It shall be understood that the foregoing discussion regarding eventhandling of user touches on touch-sensitive displays also applies toother forms of user inputs to operate multifunction devices 200 withinput devices, not all of which are initiated on touch screens. Forexample, mouse movement and mouse button presses, optionally coordinatedwith single or multiple keyboard presses or holds; contact movementssuch as taps, drags, scrolls, etc. on touchpads; pen stylus inputs;movement of the device; oral instructions; detected eye movements;biometric inputs; and/or any combination thereof are optionally utilizedas inputs corresponding to sub-events which define an event to berecognized.

FIG. 3 illustrates a portable multifunction device 200 having a touchscreen 212 in accordance with some embodiments. The touch screenoptionally displays one or more graphics within user interface (UI) 300.In this embodiment, as well as others described below, a user is enabledto select one or more of the graphics by making a gesture on thegraphics, for example, with one or more fingers 302 (not drawn to scalein the figure) or one or more styluses 303 (not drawn to scale in thefigure). In some embodiments, selection of one or more graphics occurswhen the user breaks contact with the one or more graphics. In someembodiments, the gesture optionally includes one or more taps, one ormore swipes (from left to right, right to left, upward and/or downward),and/or a rolling of a finger (from right to left, left to right, upwardand/or downward) that has made contact with device 200. In someimplementations or circumstances, inadvertent contact with a graphicdoes not select the graphic. For example, a swipe gesture that sweepsover an application icon optionally does not select the correspondingapplication when the gesture corresponding to selection is a tap.

Device 200 also includes one or more physical buttons, such as “home” ormenu button 304. As described previously, menu button 304 is used tonavigate to any application 236 in a set of applications that isexecuted on device 200. Alternatively, in some embodiments, the menubutton is implemented as a soft key in a GUI displayed on touch screen212.

In one embodiment, device 200 includes touch screen 212, menu button304, push button 306 for powering the device on/off and locking thedevice, volume adjustment button(s) 308, subscriber identity module(SIM) card slot 310, headset jack 312, and docking/charging externalport 224. Push button 306 is, optionally, used to turn the power on/offon the device by depressing the button and holding the button in thedepressed state for a predefined time interval; to lock the device bydepressing the button and releasing the button before the predefinedtime interval has elapsed; and/or to unlock the device or initiate anunlock process. In an alternative embodiment, device 200 also acceptsverbal input for activation or deactivation of some functions throughmicrophone 213. Device 200 also, optionally, includes one or morecontact intensity sensors 265 for detecting intensity of contacts ontouch screen 212 and/or one or more tactile output generators 267 forgenerating tactile outputs for a user of device 200.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of an exemplary multifunction device with adisplay and a touch-sensitive surface in accordance with someembodiments. Device 400 need not be portable. In some embodiments,device 400 is a laptop computer, a desktop computer, a tablet computer,a multimedia player device, a navigation device, an educational device(such as a child's learning toy), a gaming system, or a control device(e.g., a home or industrial controller). Device 400 typically includesone or more processing units (CPUs) 410, one or more network or othercommunications interfaces 460, memory 470, and one or more communicationbuses 420 for interconnecting these components. Communication buses 420optionally include circuitry (sometimes called a chipset) thatinterconnects and controls communications between system components.Device 400 includes input/output (I/O) interface 430 comprising display440, which is typically a touch screen display. I/O interface 430 alsooptionally includes a keyboard and/or mouse (or other pointing device)450 and touchpad 455, tactile output generator 457 for generatingtactile outputs on device 400 (e.g., similar to tactile outputgenerator(s) 267 described above with reference to FIG. 2A), sensors 459(e.g., optical, acceleration, proximity, touch-sensitive, and/or contactintensity sensors similar to contact intensity sensor(s) 265 describedabove with reference to FIG. 2A). Memory 470 includes high-speed randomaccess memory, such as DRAM, SRAM, DDR RAM, or other random access solidstate memory devices; and optionally includes non-volatile memory, suchas one or more magnetic disk storage devices, optical disk storagedevices, flash memory devices, or other non-volatile solid state storagedevices. Memory 470 optionally includes one or more storage devicesremotely located from CPU(s) 410. In some embodiments, memory 470 storesprograms, modules, and data structures analogous to the programs,modules, and data structures stored in memory 202 of portablemultifunction device 200 (FIG. 2A), or a subset thereof. Furthermore,memory 470 optionally stores additional programs, modules, and datastructures not present in memory 202 of portable multifunction device200. For example, memory 470 of device 400 optionally stores drawingmodule 480, presentation module 482, word processing module 484, websitecreation module 486, disk authoring module 488, and/or spreadsheetmodule 490, while memory 202 of portable multifunction device 200 (FIG.2A) optionally does not store these modules.

Each of the above-identified elements in FIG. 4 is, in some examples,stored in one or more of the previously mentioned memory devices. Eachof the above-identified modules corresponds to a set of instructions forperforming a function described above. The above-identified modules orprograms (e.g., sets of instructions) need not be implemented asseparate software programs, procedures, or modules, and thus varioussubsets of these modules are combined or otherwise rearranged in variousembodiments. In some embodiments, memory 470 stores a subset of themodules and data structures identified above. Furthermore, memory 470stores additional modules and data structures not described above.

Attention is now directed towards embodiments of user interfaces thatcan be implemented on, for example, portable multifunction device 200.

FIG. 5A illustrates an exemplary user interface for a menu ofapplications on portable multifunction device 200 in accordance withsome embodiments. Similar user interfaces are implemented on device 400.In some embodiments, user interface 500 includes the following elements,or a subset or superset thereof:

Signal strength indicator(s) 502 for wireless communication(s), such ascellular and Wi-Fi signals;

-   -   Time 504;    -   Bluetooth indicator 505;    -   Battery status indicator 506;    -   Tray 508 with icons for frequently used applications, such as:        -   Icon 516 for telephone module 238, labeled “Phone,” which            optionally includes an indicator 514 of the number of missed            calls or voicemail messages;        -   Icon 518 for e-mail client module 240, labeled “Mail,” which            optionally includes an indicator 510 of the number of unread            e-mails;        -   Icon 520 for browser module 247, labeled “Browser;” and        -   Icon 522 for video and music player module 252, also            referred to as iPod (trademark of Apple Inc.) module 252,            labeled “iPod;” and    -   Icons for other applications, such as:        -   Icon 524 for IM module 241, labeled “Messages;”        -   Icon 526 for calendar module 248, labeled “Calendar;”        -   Icon 528 for image management module 244, labeled “Photos;”        -   Icon 530 for camera module 243, labeled “Camera;”        -   Icon 532 for online video module 255, labeled “Online            Video;”        -   Icon 534 for stocks widget 249-2, labeled “Stocks;”        -   Icon 536 for map module 254, labeled “Maps;”        -   Icon 538 for weather widget 249-1, labeled “Weather;”        -   Icon 540 for alarm clock widget 249-4, labeled “Clock;”        -   Icon 542 for workout support module 242, labeled “Workout            Support;”        -   Icon 544 for notes module 253, labeled “Notes;” and        -   Icon 546 for a settings application or module, labeled            “Settings,” which provides access to settings for device 200            and its various applications 236.

It should be noted that the icon labels illustrated in FIG. 5A aremerely exemplary. For example, icon 522 for video and music playermodule 252 is optionally labeled “Music” or “Music Player.” Other labelsare, optionally, used for various application icons. In someembodiments, a label for a respective application icon includes a nameof an application corresponding to the respective application icon. Insome embodiments, a label for a particular application icon is distinctfrom a name of an application corresponding to the particularapplication icon.

FIG. 5B illustrates an exemplary user interface on a device (e.g.,device 400, FIG. 4) with a touch-sensitive surface 551 (e.g., a tabletor touchpad 455, FIG. 4) that is separate from the display 550 (e.g.,touch screen display 212). Device 400 also, optionally, includes one ormore contact intensity sensors (e.g., one or more of sensors 457) fordetecting intensity of contacts on touch-sensitive surface 551 and/orone or more tactile output generators 459 for generating tactile outputsfor a user of device 400.

Although some of the examples which follow will be given with referenceto inputs on touch screen display 212 (where the touch-sensitive surfaceand the display are combined), in some embodiments, the device detectsinputs on a touch-sensitive surface that is separate from the display,as shown in FIG. 5B. In some embodiments, the touch-sensitive surface(e.g., 551 in FIG. 5B) has a primary axis (e.g., 552 in FIG. 5B) thatcorresponds to a primary axis (e.g., 553 in FIG. 5B) on the display(e.g., 550). In accordance with these embodiments, the device detectscontacts (e.g., 560 and 562 in FIG. 5B) with the touch-sensitive surface551 at locations that correspond to respective locations on the display(e.g., in FIG. 5B, 560 corresponds to 568 and 562 corresponds to 570).In this way, user inputs (e.g., contacts 560 and 562, and movementsthereof) detected by the device on the touch-sensitive surface (e.g.,551 in FIG. 5B) are used by the device to manipulate the user interfaceon the display (e.g., 550 in FIG. 5B) of the multifunction device whenthe touch-sensitive surface is separate from the display. It should beunderstood that similar methods are, optionally, used for other userinterfaces described herein.

Additionally, while the following examples are given primarily withreference to finger inputs (e.g., finger contacts, finger tap gestures,finger swipe gestures), it should be understood that, in someembodiments, one or more of the finger inputs are replaced with inputfrom another input device (e.g., a mouse-based input or stylus input).For example, a swipe gesture is, optionally, replaced with a mouse click(e.g., instead of a contact) followed by movement of the cursor alongthe path of the swipe (e.g., instead of movement of the contact). Asanother example, a tap gesture is, optionally, replaced with a mouseclick while the cursor is located over the location of the tap gesture(e.g., instead of detection of the contact followed by ceasing to detectthe contact). Similarly, when multiple user inputs are simultaneouslydetected, it should be understood that multiple computer mice are,optionally, used simultaneously, or a mouse and finger contacts are,optionally, used simultaneously.

FIG. 6A illustrates exemplary personal electronic device 600. Device 600includes body 602. In some embodiments, device 600 includes some or allof the features described with respect to devices 200 and 400 (e.g.,FIGS. 2A-4). In some embodiments, device 600 has touch-sensitive displayscreen 604, hereafter touch screen 604. Alternatively, or in addition totouch screen 604, device 600 has a display and a touch-sensitivesurface. As with devices 200 and 400, in some embodiments, touch screen604 (or the touch-sensitive surface) has one or more intensity sensorsfor detecting intensity of contacts (e.g., touches) being applied. Theone or more intensity sensors of touch screen 604 (or thetouch-sensitive surface) provide output data that represents theintensity of touches. The user interface of device 600 responds totouches based on their intensity, meaning that touches of differentintensities can invoke different user interface operations on device600.

Techniques for detecting and processing touch intensity are found, forexample, in related applications: International Patent ApplicationSerial No. PCT/US2013/040061, titled “Device, Method, and Graphical UserInterface for Displaying User Interface Objects Corresponding to anApplication,” filed May 8, 2013, and International Patent ApplicationSerial No. PCT/US2013/069483, titled “Device, Method, and Graphical UserInterface for Transitioning Between Touch Input to Display OutputRelationships,” filed Nov. 11, 2013, each of which is herebyincorporated by reference in their entirety.

In some embodiments, device 600 has one or more input mechanisms 606 and608. Input mechanisms 606 and 608, if included, are physical. Examplesof physical input mechanisms include push buttons and rotatablemechanisms. In some embodiments, device 600 has one or more attachmentmechanisms. Such attachment mechanisms, if included, can permitattachment of device 600 with, for example, hats, eyewear, earrings,necklaces, shirts, jackets, bracelets, watch straps, chains, trousers,belts, shoes, purses, backpacks, and so forth. These attachmentmechanisms permit device 600 to be worn by a user.

FIG. 6B depicts exemplary personal electronic device 600. In someembodiments, device 600 includes some or all of the components describedwith respect to FIGS. 2A, 2B, and 4. Device 600 has bus 612 thatoperatively couples I/O section 614 with one or more computer processors616 and memory 618. I/O section 614 is connected to display 604, whichcan have touch-sensitive component 622 and, optionally, touch-intensitysensitive component 624. In addition, I/O section 614 is connected withcommunication unit 630 for receiving application and operating systemdata, using Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, near field communication (NFC), cellular,and/or other wireless communication techniques. Device 600 includesinput mechanisms 606 and/or 608. Input mechanism 606 is a rotatableinput device or a depressible and rotatable input device, for example.Input mechanism 608 is a button, in some examples.

Input mechanism 608 is a microphone, in some examples. Personalelectronic device 600 includes, for example, various sensors, such asGPS sensor 632, accelerometer 634, directional sensor 640 (e.g.,compass), gyroscope 636, motion sensor 638, and/or a combinationthereof, all of which are operatively connected to I/O section 614.

Memory 618 of personal electronic device 600 is a non-transitorycomputer-readable storage medium, for storing computer-executableinstructions, which, when executed by one or more computer processors616, for example, cause the computer processors to perform thetechniques and processes described below. The computer-executableinstructions, for example, are also stored and/or transported within anynon-transitory computer-readable storage medium for use by or inconnection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device,such as a computer-based system, processor-containing system, or othersystem that can fetch the instructions from the instruction executionsystem, apparatus, or device and execute the instructions. Personalelectronic device 600 is not limited to the components and configurationof FIG. 6B, but can include other or additional components in multipleconfigurations.

As used here, the term “affordance” refers to a user-interactivegraphical user interface object that is, for example, displayed on thedisplay screen of devices 200, 400, and/or 600 (FIGS. 2A, 4, and 6A-6B).For example, an image (e.g., icon), a button, and text (e.g., hyperlink)each constitutes an affordance.

As used herein, the term “focus selector” refers to an input elementthat indicates a current part of a user interface with which a user isinteracting. In some implementations that include a cursor or otherlocation marker, the cursor acts as a “focus selector” so that when aninput (e.g., a press input) is detected on a touch-sensitive surface(e.g., touchpad 455 in FIG. 4 or touch-sensitive surface 551 in FIG. 5B)while the cursor is over a particular user interface element (e.g., abutton, window, slider or other user interface element), the particularuser interface element is adjusted in accordance with the detectedinput. In some implementations that include a touch screen display(e.g., touch-sensitive display system 212 in FIG. 2A or touch screen 212in FIG. 5A) that enables direct interaction with user interface elementson the touch screen display, a detected contact on the touch screen actsas a “focus selector” so that when an input (e.g., a press input by thecontact) is detected on the touch screen display at a location of aparticular user interface element (e.g., a button, window, slider, orother user interface element), the particular user interface element isadjusted in accordance with the detected input. In some implementations,focus is moved from one region of a user interface to another region ofthe user interface without corresponding movement of a cursor ormovement of a contact on a touch screen display (e.g., by using a tabkey or arrow keys to move focus from one button to another button); inthese implementations, the focus selector moves in accordance withmovement of focus between different regions of the user interface.Without regard to the specific form taken by the focus selector, thefocus selector is generally the user interface element (or contact on atouch screen display) that is controlled by the user so as tocommunicate the user's intended interaction with the user interface(e.g., by indicating, to the device, the element of the user interfacewith which the user is intending to interact). For example, the locationof a focus selector (e.g., a cursor, a contact, or a selection box) overa respective button while a press input is detected on thetouch-sensitive surface (e.g., a touchpad or touch screen) will indicatethat the user is intending to activate the respective button (as opposedto other user interface elements shown on a display of the device).

As used in the specification and claims, the term “characteristicintensity” of a contact refers to a characteristic of the contact basedon one or more intensities of the contact. In some embodiments, thecharacteristic intensity is based on multiple intensity samples. Thecharacteristic intensity is, optionally, based on a predefined number ofintensity samples, or a set of intensity samples collected during apredetermined time period (e.g., 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10seconds) relative to a predefined event (e.g., after detecting thecontact, prior to detecting liftoff of the contact, before or afterdetecting a start of movement of the contact, prior to detecting an endof the contact, before or after detecting an increase in intensity ofthe contact, and/or before or after detecting a decrease in intensity ofthe contact). A characteristic intensity of a contact is, optionallybased on one or more of: a maximum value of the intensities of thecontact, a mean value of the intensities of the contact, an averagevalue of the intensities of the contact, a top 10 percentile value ofthe intensities of the contact, a value at the half maximum of theintensities of the contact, a value at the 90 percent maximum of theintensities of the contact, or the like. In some embodiments, theduration of the contact is used in determining the characteristicintensity (e.g., when the characteristic intensity is an average of theintensity of the contact over time). In some embodiments, thecharacteristic intensity is compared to a set of one or more intensitythresholds to determine whether an operation has been performed by auser. For example, the set of one or more intensity thresholds includesa first intensity threshold and a second intensity threshold. In thisexample, a contact with a characteristic intensity that does not exceedthe first threshold results in a first operation, a contact with acharacteristic intensity that exceeds the first intensity threshold anddoes not exceed the second intensity threshold results in a secondoperation, and a contact with a characteristic intensity that exceedsthe second threshold results in a third operation. In some embodiments,a comparison between the characteristic intensity and one or morethresholds is used to determine whether or not to perform one or moreoperations (e.g., whether to perform a respective operation or forgoperforming the respective operation) rather than being used to determinewhether to perform a first operation or a second operation.

In some embodiments, a portion of a gesture is identified for purposesof determining a characteristic intensity. For example, atouch-sensitive surface receives a continuous swipe contacttransitioning from a start location and reaching an end location, atwhich point the intensity of the contact increases. In this example, thecharacteristic intensity of the contact at the end location is based ononly a portion of the continuous swipe contact, and not the entire swipecontact (e.g., only the portion of the swipe contact at the endlocation). In some embodiments, a smoothing algorithm is applied to theintensities of the swipe contact prior to determining the characteristicintensity of the contact. For example, the smoothing algorithmoptionally includes one or more of: an unweighted sliding-averagesmoothing algorithm, a triangular smoothing algorithm, a median filtersmoothing algorithm, and/or an exponential smoothing algorithm. In somecircumstances, these smoothing algorithms eliminate narrow spikes ordips in the intensities of the swipe contact for purposes of determininga characteristic intensity.

The intensity of a contact on the touch-sensitive surface ischaracterized relative to one or more intensity thresholds, such as acontact-detection intensity threshold, a light press intensitythreshold, a deep press intensity threshold, and/or one or more otherintensity thresholds. In some embodiments, the light press intensitythreshold corresponds to an intensity at which the device will performoperations typically associated with clicking a button of a physicalmouse or a trackpad. In some embodiments, the deep press intensitythreshold corresponds to an intensity at which the device will performoperations that are different from operations typically associated withclicking a button of a physical mouse or a trackpad. In someembodiments, when a contact is detected with a characteristic intensitybelow the light press intensity threshold (e.g., and above a nominalcontact-detection intensity threshold below which the contact is nolonger detected), the device will move a focus selector in accordancewith movement of the contact on the touch-sensitive surface withoutperforming an operation associated with the light press intensitythreshold or the deep press intensity threshold. Generally, unlessotherwise stated, these intensity thresholds are consistent betweendifferent sets of user interface figures.

An increase of characteristic intensity of the contact from an intensitybelow the light press intensity threshold to an intensity between thelight press intensity threshold and the deep press intensity thresholdis sometimes referred to as a “light press” input. An increase ofcharacteristic intensity of the contact from an intensity below the deeppress intensity threshold to an intensity above the deep press intensitythreshold is sometimes referred to as a “deep press” input. An increaseof characteristic intensity of the contact from an intensity below thecontact-detection intensity threshold to an intensity between thecontact-detection intensity threshold and the light press intensitythreshold is sometimes referred to as detecting the contact on thetouch-surface. A decrease of characteristic intensity of the contactfrom an intensity above the contact-detection intensity threshold to anintensity below the contact-detection intensity threshold is sometimesreferred to as detecting liftoff of the contact from the touch-surface.In some embodiments, the contact-detection intensity threshold is zero.In some embodiments, the contact-detection intensity threshold isgreater than zero.

In some embodiments described herein, one or more operations areperformed in response to detecting a gesture that includes a respectivepress input or in response to detecting the respective press inputperformed with a respective contact (or a plurality of contacts), wherethe respective press input is detected based at least in part ondetecting an increase in intensity of the contact (or plurality ofcontacts) above a press-input intensity threshold. In some embodiments,the respective operation is performed in response to detecting theincrease in intensity of the respective contact above the press-inputintensity threshold (e.g., a “down stroke” of the respective pressinput). In some embodiments, the press input includes an increase inintensity of the respective contact above the press-input intensitythreshold and a subsequent decrease in intensity of the contact belowthe press-input intensity threshold, and the respective operation isperformed in response to detecting the subsequent decrease in intensityof the respective contact below the press-input threshold (e.g., an “upstroke” of the respective press input).

In some embodiments, the device employs intensity hysteresis to avoidaccidental inputs sometimes termed “jitter,” where the device defines orselects a hysteresis intensity threshold with a predefined relationshipto the press-input intensity threshold (e.g., the hysteresis intensitythreshold is X intensity units lower than the press-input intensitythreshold or the hysteresis intensity threshold is 75%, 90%, or somereasonable proportion of the press-input intensity threshold). Thus, insome embodiments, the press input includes an increase in intensity ofthe respective contact above the press-input intensity threshold and asubsequent decrease in intensity of the contact below the hysteresisintensity threshold that corresponds to the press-input intensitythreshold, and the respective operation is performed in response todetecting the subsequent decrease in intensity of the respective contactbelow the hysteresis intensity threshold (e.g., an “up stroke” of therespective press input). Similarly, in some embodiments, the press inputis detected only when the device detects an increase in intensity of thecontact from an intensity at or below the hysteresis intensity thresholdto an intensity at or above the press-input intensity threshold and,optionally, a subsequent decrease in intensity of the contact to anintensity at or below the hysteresis intensity, and the respectiveoperation is performed in response to detecting the press input (e.g.,the increase in intensity of the contact or the decrease in intensity ofthe contact, depending on the circumstances).

For ease of explanation, the descriptions of operations performed inresponse to a press input associated with a press-input intensitythreshold or in response to a gesture including the press input are,optionally, triggered in response to detecting either: an increase inintensity of a contact above the press-input intensity threshold, anincrease in intensity of a contact from an intensity below thehysteresis intensity threshold to an intensity above the press-inputintensity threshold, a decrease in intensity of the contact below thepress-input intensity threshold, and/or a decrease in intensity of thecontact below the hysteresis intensity threshold corresponding to thepress-input intensity threshold. Additionally, in examples where anoperation is described as being performed in response to detecting adecrease in intensity of a contact below the press-input intensitythreshold, the operation is, optionally, performed in response todetecting a decrease in intensity of the contact below a hysteresisintensity threshold corresponding to, and lower than, the press-inputintensity threshold.

3. Digital Assistant System

FIG. 7A illustrates a block diagram of digital assistant system 700 inaccordance with various examples. In some examples, digital assistantsystem 700 is implemented on a standalone computer system. In someexamples, digital assistant system 700 is distributed across multiplecomputers. In some examples, some of the modules and functions of thedigital assistant are divided into a server portion and a clientportion, where the client portion resides on one or more user devices(e.g., devices 104, 122, 200, 400, or 600) and communicates with theserver portion (e.g., server system 108) through one or more networks,e.g., as shown in FIG. 1. In some examples, digital assistant system 700is an implementation of server system 108 (and/or DA server 106) shownin FIG. 1. It should be noted that digital assistant system 700 is onlyone example of a digital assistant system, and that digital assistantsystem 700 can have more or fewer components than shown, can combine twoor more components, or can have a different configuration or arrangementof the components. The various components shown in FIG. 7A areimplemented in hardware, software instructions for execution by one ormore processors, firmware, including one or more signal processingand/or application specific integrated circuits, or a combinationthereof.

Digital assistant system 700 includes memory 702, one or more processors704, input/output (I/O) interface 706, and network communicationsinterface 708. These components can communicate with one another overone or more communication buses or signal lines 710.

In some examples, memory 702 includes a non-transitory computer-readablemedium, such as high-speed random access memory and/or a non-volatilecomputer-readable storage medium (e.g., one or more magnetic diskstorage devices, flash memory devices, or other non-volatile solid-statememory devices).

In some examples, I/O interface 706 couples input/output devices 716 ofdigital assistant system 700, such as displays, keyboards, touchscreens, and microphones, to user interface module 722. I/O interface706, in conjunction with user interface module 722, receives user inputs(e.g., voice input, keyboard inputs, touch inputs, etc.) and processesthem accordingly. In some examples, e.g., when the digital assistant isimplemented on a standalone user device, digital assistant system 700includes any of the components and I/O communication interfacesdescribed with respect to devices 200, 400, or 600 in FIGS. 2A, 4,6A-6B, respectively. In some examples, digital assistant system 700represents the server portion of a digital assistant implementation, andcan interact with the user through a client-side portion residing on auser device (e.g., devices 104, 200, 400, or 600).

In some examples, the network communications interface 708 includeswired communication port(s) 712 and/or wireless transmission andreception circuitry 714. The wired communication port(s) receives andsend communication signals via one or more wired interfaces, e.g.,Ethernet, Universal Serial Bus (USB), FIREWIRE, etc. The wirelesscircuitry 714 receives and sends RF signals and/or optical signalsfrom/to communications networks and other communications devices. Thewireless communications use any of a plurality of communicationsstandards, protocols, and technologies, such as GSM, EDGE, CDMA, TDMA,Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, VoIP, Wi-MAX, or any other suitable communicationprotocol. Network communications interface 708 enables communicationbetween digital assistant system 700 with networks, such as theInternet, an intranet, and/or a wireless network, such as a cellulartelephone network, a wireless local area network (LAN), and/or ametropolitan area network (MAN), and other devices.

In some examples, memory 702, or the computer-readable storage media ofmemory 702, stores programs, modules, instructions, and data structuresincluding all or a subset of: operating system 718, communicationsmodule 720, user interface module 722, one or more applications 724, anddigital assistant module 726. In particular, memory 702, or thecomputer-readable storage media of memory 702, stores instructions forperforming the processes described below. One or more processors 704execute these programs, modules, and instructions, and reads/writesfrom/to the data structures.

Operating system 718 (e.g., Darwin, RTXC, LINUX, UNIX, iOS, OS X,WINDOWS, or an embedded operating system such as VxWorks) includesvarious software components and/or drivers for controlling and managinggeneral system tasks (e.g., memory management, storage device control,power management, etc.) and facilitates communications between varioushardware, firmware, and software components.

Communications module 720 facilitates communications between digitalassistant system 700 with other devices over network communicationsinterface 708. For example, communications module 720 communicates withRF circuitry 208 of electronic devices such as devices 200, 400, and 600shown in FIGS. 2A, 4, 6A-6B, respectively. Communications module 720also includes various components for handling data received by wirelesscircuitry 714 and/or wired communications port 712.

User interface module 722 receives commands and/or inputs from a uservia I/O interface 706 (e.g., from a keyboard, touch screen, pointingdevice, controller, and/or microphone), and generate user interfaceobjects on a display. User interface module 722 also prepares anddelivers outputs (e.g., speech, sound, animation, text, icons,vibrations, haptic feedback, light, etc.) to the user via the I/Ointerface 706 (e.g., through displays, audio channels, speakers,touch-pads, etc.).

Applications 724 include programs and/or modules that are configured tobe executed by one or more processors 704. For example, if the digitalassistant system is implemented on a standalone user device,applications 724 include user applications, such as games, a calendarapplication, a navigation application, or an email application. Ifdigital assistant system 700 is implemented on a server, applications724 include resource management applications, diagnostic applications,or scheduling applications, for example.

Memory 702 also stores digital assistant module 726 (or the serverportion of a digital assistant). In some examples, digital assistantmodule 726 includes the following sub-modules, or a subset or supersetthereof: input/output processing module 728, speech-to-text (STT)processing module 730, natural language processing module 732, dialogueflow processing module 734, task flow processing module 736, serviceprocessing module 738, and speech synthesis processing module 740. Eachof these modules has access to one or more of the following systems ordata and models of the digital assistant module 726, or a subset orsuperset thereof: ontology 760, vocabulary index 744, user data 748,task flow models 754, service models 756, and ASR systems 758.

In some examples, using the processing modules, data, and modelsimplemented in digital assistant module 726, the digital assistant canperform at least some of the following: converting speech input intotext; identifying a user's intent expressed in a natural language inputreceived from the user; actively eliciting and obtaining informationneeded to fully infer the user's intent (e.g., by disambiguating words,games, intentions, etc.); determining the task flow for fulfilling theinferred intent; and executing the task flow to fulfill the inferredintent.

In some examples, as shown in FIG. 7B, I/O processing module 728interacts with the user through I/O devices 716 in FIG. 7A or with auser device (e.g., devices 104, 200, 400, or 600) through networkcommunications interface 708 in FIG. 7A to obtain user input (e.g., aspeech input) and to provide responses (e.g., as speech outputs) to theuser input. I/O processing module 728 optionally obtains contextualinformation associated with the user input from the user device, alongwith or shortly after the receipt of the user input. The contextualinformation includes user-specific data, vocabulary, and/or preferencesrelevant to the user input. In some examples, the contextual informationalso includes software and hardware states of the user device at thetime the user request is received, and/or information related to thesurrounding environment of the user at the time that the user requestwas received. In some examples, I/O processing module 728 also sendsfollow-up questions to, and receive answers from, the user regarding theuser request. When a user request is received by I/O processing module728 and the user request includes speech input, I/O processing module728 forwards the speech input to STT processing module 730 (or speechrecognizer) for speech-to-text conversions.

STT processing module 730 includes one or more ASR systems 758. The oneor more ASR systems 758 can process the speech input that is receivedthrough I/O processing module 728 to produce a recognition result. EachASR system 758 includes a front-end speech pre-processor. The front-endspeech pre-processor extracts representative features from the speechinput. For example, the front-end speech pre-processor performs aFourier transform on the speech input to extract spectral features thatcharacterize the speech input as a sequence of representativemulti-dimensional vectors. Further, each ASR system 758 includes one ormore speech recognition models (e.g., acoustic models and/or languagemodels) and implements one or more speech recognition engines. Examplesof speech recognition models include Hidden Markov Models,Gaussian-Mixture Models, Deep Neural Network Models, n-gram languagemodels, and other statistical models. Examples of speech recognitionengines include the dynamic time warping based engines and weightedfinite-state transducers (WFST) based engines. The one or more speechrecognition models and the one or more speech recognition engines areused to process the extracted representative features of the front-endspeech pre-processor to produce intermediate recognitions results (e.g.,phonemes, phonemic strings, and sub-words), and ultimately, textrecognition results (e.g., words, word strings, or sequence of tokens).In some examples, the speech input is processed at least partially by athird-party service or on the user's device (e.g., device 104, 200, 400,or 600) to produce the recognition result. Once STT processing module730 produces recognition results containing a text string (e.g., words,or sequence of words, or sequence of tokens), the recognition result ispassed to natural language processing module 732 for intent deduction.In some examples, STT processing module 730 produces multiple candidatetext representations of the speech input. Each candidate textrepresentation is a sequence of words or tokens corresponding to thespeech input. In some examples, each candidate text representation isassociated with a speech recognition confidence score. Based on thespeech recognition confidence scores, STT processing module 730 ranksthe candidate text representations and provides the n-best (e.g., nhighest ranked) candidate text representation(s) to natural languageprocessing module 732 for intent deduction, where n is a predeterminedinteger greater than zero. For example, in one example, only the highestranked (n=1) candidate text representation is passed to natural languageprocessing module 732 for intent deduction. In another example, the fivehighest ranked (n=5) candidate text representations are passed tonatural language processing module 732 for intent deduction.

More details on the speech-to-text processing are described in U.S.Utility application Ser. No. 13/236,942 for “Consolidating SpeechRecognition Results,” filed on Sep. 20, 2011, the entire disclosure ofwhich is incorporated herein by reference.

In some examples, STT processing module 730 includes and/or accesses avocabulary of recognizable words via phonetic alphabet conversion module731. Each vocabulary word is associated with one or more candidatepronunciations of the word represented in a speech recognition phoneticalphabet. In particular, the vocabulary of recognizable words includes aword that is associated with a plurality of candidate pronunciations.For example, the vocabulary includes the word “tomato” that isassociated with the candidate pronunciations of z,21 and

. Further, vocabulary words are associated with custom candidatepronunciations that are based on previous speech inputs from the user.Such custom candidate pronunciations are stored in STT processing module730 and are associated with a particular user via the user's profile onthe device. In some examples, the candidate pronunciations for words aredetermined based on the spelling of the word and one or more linguisticand/or phonetic rules. In some examples, the candidate pronunciationsare manually generated, e.g., based on known canonical pronunciations.

In some examples, the candidate pronunciations are ranked based on thecommonness of the candidate pronunciation. For example, the candidatepronunciation

is ranked higher than

, because the former is a more commonly used pronunciation (e.g., amongall users, for users in a particular geographical region, or for anyother appropriate subset of users). In some examples, candidatepronunciations are ranked based on whether the candidate pronunciationis a custom candidate pronunciation associated with the user. Forexample, custom candidate pronunciations are ranked higher thancanonical candidate pronunciations. This can be useful for recognizingproper nouns having a unique pronunciation that deviates from canonicalpronunciation. In some examples, candidate pronunciations are associatedwith one or more speech characteristics, such as geographic origin,nationality, or ethnicity. For example, the candidate pronunciation

is associated with the United States, whereas the candidatepronunciation

is associated with Great Britain. Further, the rank of the candidatepronunciation is based on one or more characteristics (e.g., geographicorigin, nationality, ethnicity, etc.) of the user stored in the user'sprofile on the device. For example, it can be determined from the user'sprofile that the user is associated with the United States. Based on theuser being associated with the United States, the candidatepronunciation

(associated with the United States) is ranked higher than the candidatepronunciation

(associated with Great Britain). In some examples, one of the rankedcandidate pronunciations is selected as a predicted pronunciation (e.g.,the most likely pronunciation).

When a speech input is received, STT processing module 730 is used todetermine the phonemes corresponding to the speech input (e.g., using anacoustic model), and then attempt to determine words that match thephonemes (e.g., using a language model). For example, if STT processingmodule 730 first identifies the sequence of phonemes

corresponding to a portion of the speech input, it can then determine,based on vocabulary index 744, that this sequence corresponds to theword “tomato.”

In some examples, STT processing module 730 uses approximate matchingtechniques to determine words in an utterance. Thus, for example, theSTT processing module 730 determines that the sequence of phonemes

corresponds to the word “tomato,” even if that particular sequence ofphonemes is not one of the candidate sequence of phonemes for that word.

Natural language processing module 732 (“natural language processor”) ofthe digital assistant takes the n-best candidate text representation(s)(“word sequence(s)” or “token sequence(s)”) generated by STT processingmodule 730, and attempts to associate each of the candidate textrepresentations with one or more “actionable intents” recognized by thedigital assistant. An “actionable intent” (or “user intent”) representsa task that can be performed by the digital assistant, and can have anassociated task flow implemented in task flow models 754. The associatedtask flow is a series of programmed actions and steps that the digitalassistant takes in order to perform the task. The scope of a digitalassistant's capabilities is dependent on the number and variety of taskflows that have been implemented and stored in task flow models 754, orin other words, on the number and variety of “actionable intents” thatthe digital assistant recognizes. The effectiveness of the digitalassistant, however, also dependents on the assistant's ability to inferthe correct “actionable intent(s)” from the user request expressed innatural language.

In some examples, in addition to the sequence of words or tokensobtained from STT processing module 730, natural language processingmodule 732 also receives contextual information associated with the userrequest, e.g., from I/O processing module 728. The natural languageprocessing module 732 optionally uses the contextual information toclarify, supplement, and/or further define the information contained inthe candidate text representations received from STT processing module730. The contextual information includes, for example, user preferences,hardware, and/or software states of the user device, sensor informationcollected before, during, or shortly after the user request, priorinteractions (e.g., dialogue) between the digital assistant and theuser, and the like. As described herein, contextual information is, insome examples, dynamic, and changes with time, location, content of thedialogue, and other factors.

In some examples, the natural language processing is based on, e.g.,ontology 760. Ontology 760 is a hierarchical structure containing manynodes, each node representing either an “actionable intent” or a“property” relevant to one or more of the “actionable intents” or other“properties.” As noted above, an “actionable intent” represents a taskthat the digital assistant is capable of performing, i.e., it is“actionable” or can be acted on. A “property” represents a parameterassociated with an actionable intent or a sub-aspect of anotherproperty. A linkage between an actionable intent node and a propertynode in ontology 760 defines how a parameter represented by the propertynode pertains to the task represented by the actionable intent node.

In some examples, ontology 760 is made up of actionable intent nodes andproperty nodes. Within ontology 760, each actionable intent node islinked to one or more property nodes either directly or through one ormore intermediate property nodes. Similarly, each property node islinked to one or more actionable intent nodes either directly or throughone or more intermediate property nodes. For example, as shown in FIG.7C, ontology 760 includes a “restaurant reservation” node (i.e., anactionable intent node). Property nodes “restaurant,” “date/time” (forthe reservation), and “party size” are each directly linked to theactionable intent node (i.e., the “restaurant reservation” node).

In addition, property nodes “cuisine,” “price range,” “phone number,”and “location” are sub-nodes of the property node “restaurant,” and areeach linked to the “restaurant reservation” node (i.e., the actionableintent node) through the intermediate property node “restaurant.” Foranother example, as shown in FIG. 7C, ontology 760 also includes a “setreminder” node (i.e., another actionable intent node). Property nodes“date/time” (for setting the reminder) and “subject” (for the reminder)are each linked to the “set reminder” node. Since the property“date/time” is relevant to both the task of making a restaurantreservation and the task of setting a reminder, the property node“date/time” is linked to both the “restaurant reservation” node and the“set reminder” node in ontology 760.

An actionable intent node, along with its linked property nodes, isdescribed as a “domain.” In the present discussion, each domain isassociated with a respective actionable intent, and refers to the groupof nodes (and the relationships there between) associated with theparticular actionable intent. For example, ontology 760 shown in FIG. 7Cincludes an example of restaurant reservation domain 762 and an exampleof reminder domain 764 within ontology 760. The restaurant reservationdomain includes the actionable intent node “restaurant reservation,”property nodes “restaurant,” “date/time,” and “party size,” andsub-property nodes “cuisine,” “price range,” “phone number,” and“location.” Reminder domain 764 includes the actionable intent node “setreminder,” and property nodes “subject” and “date/time.” In someexamples, ontology 760 is made up of many domains. Each domain sharesone or more property nodes with one or more other domains. For example,the “date/time” property node is associated with many different domains(e.g., a scheduling domain, a travel reservation domain, a movie ticketdomain, etc.), in addition to restaurant reservation domain 762 andreminder domain 764.

While FIG. 7C illustrates two example domains within ontology 760, otherdomains include, for example, “find a movie,” “initiate a phone call,”“find directions,” “schedule a meeting,” “send a message,” and “providean answer to a question,” “read a list,” “providing navigationinstructions,” “provide instructions for a task” and so on. A “send amessage” domain is associated with a “send a message” actionable intentnode, and further includes property nodes such as “recipient(s),”“message type,” and “message body.” The property node “recipient” isfurther defined, for example, by the sub-property nodes such as“recipient name” and “message address.”

In some examples, ontology 760 includes all the domains (and henceactionable intents) that the digital assistant is capable ofunderstanding and acting upon. In some examples, ontology 760 ismodified, such as by adding or removing entire domains or nodes, or bymodifying relationships between the nodes within the ontology 760.

In some examples, nodes associated with multiple related actionableintents are clustered under a “super domain” in ontology 760. Forexample, a “travel” super-domain includes a cluster of property nodesand actionable intent nodes related to travel. The actionable intentnodes related to travel includes “airline reservation,” “hotelreservation,” “car rental,” “get directions,” “find points of interest,”and so on. The actionable intent nodes under the same super domain(e.g., the “travel” super domain) have many property nodes in common.For example, the actionable intent nodes for “airline reservation,”“hotel reservation,” “car rental,” “get directions,” and “find points ofinterest” share one or more of the property nodes “start location,”“destination,” “departure date/time,” “arrival date/time,” and “partysize.”

In some examples, each node in ontology 760 is associated with a set ofwords and/or phrases that are relevant to the property or actionableintent represented by the node. The respective set of words and/orphrases associated with each node are the so-called “vocabulary”associated with the node. The respective set of words and/or phrasesassociated with each node are stored in vocabulary index 744 inassociation with the property or actionable intent represented by thenode. For example, returning to FIG. 7B, the vocabulary associated withthe node for the property of “restaurant” includes words such as “food,”“drinks,” “cuisine,” “hungry,” “eat,” “pizza,” “fast food,” “meal,” andso on. For another example, the vocabulary associated with the node forthe actionable intent of “initiate a phone call” includes words andphrases such as “call,” “phone,” “dial,” “ring,” “call this number,”“make a call to,” and so on. The vocabulary index 744 optionallyincludes words and phrases in different languages.

Natural language processing module 732 receives the candidate textrepresentations (e.g., text string(s) or token sequence(s)) from STTprocessing module 730, and for each candidate representation, determineswhat nodes are implicated by the words in the candidate textrepresentation. In some examples, if a word or phrase in the candidatetext representation is found to be associated with one or more nodes inontology 760 (via vocabulary index 744), the word or phrase “triggers”or “activates” those nodes. Based on the quantity and/or relativeimportance of the activated nodes, natural language processing module732 selects one of the actionable intents as the task that the userintended the digital assistant to perform. In some examples, the domainthat has the most “triggered” nodes is selected. In some examples, thedomain having the highest confidence value (e.g., based on the relativeimportance of its various triggered nodes) is selected. In someexamples, the domain is selected based on a combination of the numberand the importance of the triggered nodes. In some examples, additionalfactors are considered in selecting the node as well, such as whetherthe digital assistant has previously correctly interpreted a similarrequest from a user.

User data 748 includes user-specific information, such as user-specificvocabulary, user preferences, user address, user's default and secondarylanguages, user's contact list, and other short-term or long-terminformation for each user. In some examples, natural language processingmodule 732 uses the user-specific information to supplement theinformation contained in the user input to further define the userintent. For example, for a user request “invite my friends to mybirthday party,” natural language processing module 732 is able toaccess user data 748 to determine who the “friends” are and when andwhere the “birthday party” would be held, rather than requiring the userto provide such information explicitly in his/her request.

It should be recognized that in some examples, natural languageprocessing module 732 is implemented using one or more machine learningmechanisms (e.g., neural networks). In particular, the one or moremachine learning mechanisms are configured to receive a candidate textrepresentation and contextual information associated with the candidatetext representation. Based on the candidate text representation and theassociated contextual information, the one or more machine learningmechanisms are configured to determine intent confidence scores over aset of candidate actionable intents. Natural language processing module732 can select one or more candidate actionable intents from the set ofcandidate actionable intents based on the determined intent confidencescores. In some examples, an ontology (e.g., ontology 760) is also usedto select the one or more candidate actionable intents from the set ofcandidate actionable intents.

Other details of searching an ontology based on a token string aredescribed in U.S. Utility application Ser. No. 12/341,743 for “Methodand Apparatus for Searching Using An Active Ontology,” filed Dec. 22,2008, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein byreference.

In some examples, once natural language processing module 732 identifiesan actionable intent (or domain) based on the user request, naturallanguage processing module 732 generates a structured query to representthe identified actionable intent. In some examples, the structured queryincludes parameters for one or more nodes within the domain for theactionable intent, and at least some of the parameters are populatedwith the specific information and requirements specified in the userrequest. For example, the user says “Make me a dinner reservation at asushi place at 7.” In this case, natural language processing module 732is able to correctly identify the actionable intent to be “restaurantreservation” based on the user input. According to the ontology, astructured query for a “restaurant reservation” domain includesparameters such as {Cuisine}, {Time}, {Date}, {Party Size}, and thelike. In some examples, based on the speech input and the text derivedfrom the speech input using STT processing module 730, natural languageprocessing module 732 generates a partial structured query for therestaurant reservation domain, where the partial structured queryincludes the parameters {Cuisine=“Sushi”} and {Time=“7 pm”}. However, inthis example, the user's utterance contains insufficient information tocomplete the structured query associated with the domain. Therefore,other necessary parameters such as {Party Size} and {Date} are notspecified in the structured query based on the information currentlyavailable. In some examples, natural language processing module 732populates some parameters of the structured query with receivedcontextual information. For example, in some examples, if the userrequested a sushi restaurant “near me,” natural language processingmodule 732 populates a {location} parameter in the structured query withGPS coordinates from the user device.

In some examples, natural language processing module 732 identifiesmultiple candidate actionable intents for each candidate textrepresentation received from STT processing module 730. Further, in someexamples, a respective structured query (partial or complete) isgenerated for each identified candidate actionable intent. Naturallanguage processing module 732 determines an intent confidence score foreach candidate actionable intent and ranks the candidate actionableintents based on the intent confidence scores. In some examples, naturallanguage processing module 732 passes the generated structured query (orqueries), including any completed parameters, to task flow processingmodule 736 (“task flow processor”). In some examples, the structuredquery (or queries) for the m-best (e.g., m highest ranked) candidateactionable intents are provided to task flow processing module 736,where m is a predetermined integer greater than zero. In some examples,the structured query (or queries) for the m-best candidate actionableintents are provided to task flow processing module 736 with thecorresponding candidate text representation(s).

Other details of inferring a user intent based on multiple candidateactionable intents determined from multiple candidate textrepresentations of a speech input are described in U.S. Utilityapplication Ser. No. 14/298,725 for “System and Method for InferringUser Intent From Speech Inputs,” filed Jun. 6, 2014, the entiredisclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

Task flow processing module 736 is configured to receive the structuredquery (or queries) from natural language processing module 732, completethe structured query, if necessary, and perform the actions required to“complete” the user's ultimate request. In some examples, the variousprocedures necessary to complete these tasks are provided in task flowmodels 754. In some examples, task flow models 754 include proceduresfor obtaining additional information from the user and task flows forperforming actions associated with the actionable intent.

As described above, in order to complete a structured query, task flowprocessing module 736 needs to initiate additional dialogue with theuser in order to obtain additional information, and/or disambiguatepotentially ambiguous utterances. When such interactions are necessary,task flow processing module 736 invokes dialogue flow processing module734 to engage in a dialogue with the user. In some examples, dialogueflow processing module 734 determines how (and/or when) to ask the userfor the additional information and receives and processes the userresponses. The questions are provided to and answers are received fromthe users through I/O processing module 728. In some examples, dialogueflow processing module 734 presents dialogue output to the user viaaudio and/or visual output, and receives input from the user via spokenor physical (e.g., clicking) responses. Continuing with the exampleabove, when task flow processing module 736 invokes dialogue flowprocessing module 734 to determine the “party size” and “date”information for the structured query associated with the domain“restaurant reservation,” dialogue flow processing module 734 generatesquestions such as “For how many people?” and “On which day?” to pass tothe user. Once answers are received from the user, dialogue flowprocessing module 734 then populates the structured query with themissing information, or pass the information to task flow processingmodule 736 to complete the missing information from the structuredquery.

Once task flow processing module 736 has completed the structured queryfor an actionable intent, task flow processing module 736 proceeds toperform the ultimate task associated with the actionable intent.Accordingly, task flow processing module 736 executes the steps andinstructions in the task flow model according to the specific parameterscontained in the structured query. For example, the task flow model forthe actionable intent of “restaurant reservation” includes steps andinstructions for contacting a restaurant and actually requesting areservation for a particular party size at a particular time. Forexample, using a structured query such as: {restaurant reservation,restaurant=ABC Café, date=Mar. 12, 2012, time=7 pm, party size=5}, taskflow processing module 736 performs the steps of: (1) logging onto aserver of the ABC Café or a restaurant reservation system such asOPENTABLE®, (2) entering the date, time, and party size information in aform on the website, (3) submitting the form, and (4) making a calendarentry for the reservation in the user's calendar.

In some examples, task flow processing module 736 employs the assistanceof service processing module 738 (“service processing module”) tocomplete a task requested in the user input or to provide aninformational answer requested in the user input. For example, serviceprocessing module 738 acts on behalf of task flow processing module 736to make a phone call, set a calendar entry, invoke a map search, invokeor interact with other user applications installed on the user device,and invoke or interact with third-party services (e.g., a restaurantreservation portal, a social networking website, a banking portal,etc.). In some examples, the protocols and application programminginterfaces (API) required by each service are specified by a respectiveservice model among service models 756. Service processing module 738accesses the appropriate service model for a service and generatesrequests for the service in accordance with the protocols and APIsrequired by the service according to the service model.

For example, if a restaurant has enabled an online reservation service,the restaurant submits a service model specifying the necessaryparameters for making a reservation and the APIs for communicating thevalues of the necessary parameter to the online reservation service.When requested by task flow processing module 736, service processingmodule 738 establishes a network connection with the online reservationservice using the web address stored in the service model, and sends thenecessary parameters of the reservation (e.g., time, date, party size)to the online reservation interface in a format according to the API ofthe online reservation service.

In some examples, natural language processing module 732, dialogue flowprocessing module 734, and task flow processing module 736 are usedcollectively and iteratively to infer and define the user's intent,obtain information to further clarify and refine the user intent, andfinally generate a response (i.e., an output to the user, or thecompletion of a task) to fulfill the user's intent. The generatedresponse is a dialogue response to the speech input that at leastpartially fulfills the user's intent. Further, in some examples, thegenerated response is output as a speech output. In these examples, thegenerated response is sent to speech synthesis processing module 740(e.g., speech synthesizer) where it can be processed to synthesize thedialogue response in speech form. In yet other examples, the generatedresponse is data content relevant to satisfying a user request in thespeech input.

In examples where task flow processing module 736 receives multiplestructured queries from natural language processing module 732, taskflow processing module 736 initially processes the first structuredquery of the received structured queries to attempt to complete thefirst structured query and/or execute one or more tasks or actionsrepresented by the first structured query. In some examples, the firststructured query corresponds to the highest ranked actionable intent. Inother examples, the first structured query is selected from the receivedstructured queries based on a combination of the corresponding speechrecognition confidence scores and the corresponding intent confidencescores. In some examples, if task flow processing module 736 encountersan error during processing of the first structured query (e.g., due toan inability to determine a necessary parameter), the task flowprocessing module 736 can proceed to select and process a secondstructured query of the received structured queries that corresponds toa lower ranked actionable intent. The second structured query isselected, for example, based on the speech recognition confidence scoreof the corresponding candidate text representation, the intentconfidence score of the corresponding candidate actionable intent, amissing necessary parameter in the first structured query, or anycombination thereof.

Speech synthesis processing module 740 is configured to synthesizespeech outputs for presentation to the user. Speech synthesis processingmodule 740 synthesizes speech outputs based on text provided by thedigital assistant. For example, the generated dialogue response is inthe form of a text string. Speech synthesis processing module 740converts the text string to an audible speech output. Speech synthesisprocessing module 740 uses any appropriate speech synthesis technique inorder to generate speech outputs from text, including, but not limited,to concatenative synthesis, unit selection synthesis, diphone synthesis,domain-specific synthesis, formant synthesis, articulatory synthesis,hidden Markov model (HMM) based synthesis, and sinewave synthesis. Insome examples, speech synthesis processing module 740 is configured tosynthesize individual words based on phonemic strings corresponding tothe words. For example, a phonemic string is associated with a word inthe generated dialogue response. The phonemic string is stored inmetadata associated with the word. Speech synthesis processing module740 is configured to directly process the phonemic string in themetadata to synthesize the word in speech form.

In some examples, instead of (or in addition to) using speech synthesisprocessing module 740, speech synthesis is performed on a remote device(e.g., the server system 108), and the synthesized speech is sent to theuser device for output to the user. For example, this can occur in someimplementations where outputs for a digital assistant are generated at aserver system. And because server systems generally have more processingpower or resources than a user device, it is possible to obtain higherquality speech outputs than would be practical with client-sidesynthesis.

Additional details on digital assistants can be found in the U.S.Utility application Ser. No. 12/987,982, entitled “Intelligent AutomatedAssistant,” filed Jan. 10, 2011, and U.S. Utility application Ser. No.13/251,088, entitled “Generating and Processing Task Items ThatRepresent Tasks to Perform,” filed Sep. 30, 2011, the entire disclosuresof which are incorporated herein by reference.

4. Multi-Modal Inputs for Voice Commands

FIGS. 8-15 illustrate an electronic device. For example, as shown inFIG. 8A, electronic device 800 may be any device described herein,including but not limited to devices 104, 200, 400, and 600 (FIGS. 1,2A, 4, and 6A-B). Thus, while the electronic devices depicted in FIGS.8-15 may be depicted as mobile devices, it will be appreciated that theelectronic devices may be a device of any type, such as a phone, laptopcomputer, desktop computer, tablet, wearable device (e.g., smart watch),set-top box, television, home automation device (e.g., thermostat), orany combination or subcombination thereof. Furthermore, the processesdescribed herein may be performed by a server with information deliveredto and from the device, performed on the device, or a combinationthereof.

FIGS. 8A-D illustrate an exemplary process for multi-modal inputs. Forexample, a user 802 may interact with electronic device 800 in order toperform an internet search based on both touch inputs and speech inputs.In operation, electronic device 800 may receive a first input includingactivation of an affordance. For example, a user 802 may contact atouch-sensitive screen of device 800 to activate affordance 804. Anaffordance may be associated with one or more functions of the device.For example, an affordance may be associated with an application of thedevice, or a function corresponding to an application of the device.Applications of the device may include applications for calendars,sending and receiving messages (e.g., e-mail and/or text messages),initiating and receiving phone calls, browsing the internet, capturingand viewing photos, viewing a map, listening to music, and the like. Insome examples, the affordance is associated with a functioncorresponding to an application of the device. In some examples, theaffordance may be a predefined graphical object on the screen. Forexample, an affordance may include a selectable element displayed on thescreen, such as a selectable image (e.g., an icon corresponding to anapplication), selectable button (e.g., a function within anapplication), selectable text (e.g., one or more displayed words). Forexample, the affordance may be a thumbnail of a photo, a link or otherelement on a webpage, a song or album within a music application, acalendar event, an e-mail or text message, a location or area of a map,a location or area of a virtual or other 3D environment, an elementwithin a game or other simulation, or a location or area associated withany application or other element on the screen.

In some examples, the affordance may correspond to a general area ofdisplayed content based on user input. For instance, the affordance maybe associated with one or more photos, such as a portion of a photo. Forexample, as user may open a photo within a photos application and toucha specific area of the displayed photo, such as a dark area in thecorner of the photo. The portion of the photo may correspond to apredetermined area around the photo, such as a circle or rectanglehaving a predetermined area with a center situated at the location ofthe user input, for example. The affordance may thus correspond to thepredetermined area of the photo based on the user input.

In some examples, receiving the first input including activation ofaffordance 804 may include detecting different types of inputs. Forexample, user inputs may be associated with different pressures, suchthat the affordance is activated by an input associated with a pressuregreater than a predetermined threshold. In some examples, when a userpresses an affordance with a pressure greater than a predeterminedthreshold, the affordance is activated. In some examples, when a userpresses an affordance with a pressure less than a predeterminedthreshold, the affordance is not activated. The predetermined thresholdmay further be adjusted by the user or otherwise adjusted in orderoptimize the detection of user inputs for affordance activation. In someexamples, multiple user inputs may be detecting in order to activate theaffordance. For example, a user may “tap” on the affordance multipletimes, and such taps may have different durations. In some examples, afirst tap may have a shorter duration, and a second tap at a samelocation as the first tap may have a longer duration. In some examples,one or more other gestures on the screen of the device may causeactivation of an affordance. For example, a user may tap on a locationof the screen and perform a gesture in order to draw a circle or othershape around a specific portion of the screen. In a maps application,for example, the user may draw a circle around a specific area of a cityor state displayed on a map. In a photo, the user may draw a rectanglearound a specific portion of the photo, for example. In some examples,the affordance may be activated by other means, such as eye trackingbased on user gaze.

In some examples, an affordance may be activated via a second device.For example, the affordance may be displayed on a device such as atelevision by way of a set-top box, and activation of the affordance mayinclude receiving an input from a secondary device, such as a remotecontroller or a smartphone. In some examples, the smartphone or remotecontroller may communicate with the set-top box to interact withdifferent affordances displayed on the associated television. Forexample, a user may interact with the smartphone to focus on differentaffordances displayed on the television, and may activate a displayedaffordance by any means discussed herein, such as by varying pressureslevels, different taps, swipe gestures, and the like. One or more mediaitems (e.g., movies or shows) may be displayed on the television, forexample, and the user may activate a media item by holding down on aninput on the secondary device while focused on the media item displayedon the television.

In some examples, activation of an affordance may cause one or moreoutputs to be displayed on the screen. For example, referring to FIG.8B, in response to user 802 activating affordance 804, an output 806 isdisplayed proximate to activated affordance 804. In some examples,output 806 may include a temporary enlargement of the activatedaffordance, a “glow” around the activated affordance, or a visualvibration of the activated affordance. In some examples, the output maybe displayed on another location on the screen of the device, such as ina corner of the screen, and/or at the top or bottom of the screen. Insome examples, the output may include one or more haptic or audibleoutputs, instead of or in addition to a visual output. The outputdisplayed in response to activation of an affordance may signal to auser that the user may begin speech input associated with the activatedaffordance. For example, an audible, visual, and/or haptic output thatalso corresponds to a speech recognition function of the device may beprovided to the user, in order to indicate to the user that speechrecognition has begun, or will begin soon.

In some examples, electronic device 800 determines a domain associatedwith the affordance. For example, when the user 802 activates affordance804, a domain associated with affordance 804 is determined. A domainassociated with an affordance may, for example, represent the generalfunctionality corresponding to the affordance. The domain associatedwith the affordance may further be associated with a respectiveactionable intent and one or more property nodes, as described herein.For example, an affordance corresponding to a restaurant reservationapplication may be associated with the actionable intent node“restaurant reservation,” and may further correspond to property nodes“restaurant,” “date/time,” and “party size,” and sub-property nodes“cuisine,” “price range,” “phone number,” and “location.” A domainassociated with an affordance may further include multiple domains, ormay include all domains that the digital assistant is capable ofunderstanding or acting upon, for example.

In some examples, determining a domain associated with the affordanceincludes determining at least one attribute associated with theactivated affordance. For example, affordance 804 may correspond to aweb browser application, where the web browser application is associatedwith an internet search attribute. In some examples, attributesassociated with affordances may be weighted, prioritized, or otherwisesorted based on past user interactions, device history, device location,and the like. For example, if user 802 frequently visits websitesrelated to cooking or food, the web browser application may beassociated with an internet search attribute, with prioritizationtowards a food attribute. In some examples, at least one actionableintent node corresponding to at least one determined attribute isidentified. For example, in response to determining that affordance 804is associated with an internet search attribute, an actionable intentnode corresponding to an internet search is identified. In someexamples, an attribute associated with an activate affordance includes averb or phrase commonly used to trigger functionality corresponding tothe activated affordance. Affordance 804, corresponding to a webbrowser, may be associated with verbs or phrases such as “find,” “goto,” “search for,” “what is,” where such verbs or phrases are thentypically followed by content the user wishes to perform an internetsearch for, or a website the user wishes to visit, for example. Asdiscussed further herein, the domain may be determined based on the atleast one attribute including a common verb or phrase, such that userintent may be determined without the need for a user to speak such verbsor phrases when activating the affordance and providing speech to thedevice.

In some examples, electronic device 800 receives a second inputincluding user speech. For example, upon activating affordance 804corresponding to a web browser, user 802 may provide speech 808 includethe phrase “Best restaurants in Cupertino,” with the goal of opening theweb browser to perform an internet search for restaurants in the city ofCupertino, Calif. The input including speech 808 may be receiveddirectly from user 802 at device 800, or may be received from asecondary device. For example, in the case where the activatedaffordance corresponds to an affordance on a television, the user mayprovide the speech via a secondary device, such as a remote controller,smartphone, watch, Bluetooth headset, speaker, and the like.

In some examples, audio input is sampled in order to receive the secondinput including user speech. For example, audio input may be sampledprior to the first input which activates an affordance, or the audioinput may be sampled upon activation of affordance. In some examples, apredetermined duration of audio data is continuously stored, such as amost recent duration of audio. In accordance with receiving the firstinput, the predetermined duration of the received audio data is obtainedand at least a portion of the second input including user speech isreceived from the predetermined duration of the received audio data. Forexample, if a user begins providing speech input 808, although has notyet activated affordance 804, the full speech input “Best restaurants inCupertino” is still captured, based on the stored predetermined durationof audio when the user activates affordance 804 shortly after beginningto speak.

In some examples, audio input is sampled based on whether the firstinput is maintained. User 802 may activate affordance 804 by pressingand holding on affordance 804, for example, and audio input may besampled in response to a detection that user 802 has maintained theinput on the affordance 804 for a predetermined duration or by use of apredetermined amount of pressure. In some examples, audio input issampled in response to the detection, and the sampling is continueduntil a determination is made that user 802 is no longer maintaininginput on affordance 804. In some examples, the sampling is continueduntil a determination is made that the user is no longer speaking. Forexample, sampling of the audio input may be triggered by one or moreuser inputs on affordance 804, and the audio sampling may continueregardless of whether the user maintains contact with the affordance. Adetermination is then made whether a predetermined duration of audio,such as a most recent duration includes user speech, for example. Inaccordance with a determination that the predetermined duration of audiodoes not include user speech, sampling of the audio input isdiscontinued.

In some examples, electronic device 800 determines a user intent basedon the domain and the user speech. For example, STT processing module730 may produce multiple candidate text representations of the speechinput, and the candidate text representations are passed to naturallanguage processing module 732 for intent deduction based on theidentified domain, as described herein. For example, based ondetermining affordance 804 is associated an internet search attribute,an actionable intent node for internet search is used as a basis forintent determination. In some examples, the candidate textinterpretations may be weighted or prioritized based on activatedaffordance 804 or at least one attribute associated with activatedaffordance 804. For example, a candidate text representation for “callBob Mills” may be weighted higher than a candidate text representationfor “call Nob Hill,” in the case where the user activates a contactsapplication and the user has a contact named “Bob Mills” (as opposed toa store named “Nob Hill”). In some examples, activated affordance 804 orat least one attribute associated with activated affordance 804 mayinvalidate a candidate text representation. In some examples, naturallanguage processing module 732 associates each of the candidate textrepresentations with one or more actionable intents associated with theactionable intent node for internet search. The actionable intent nodefor the internet search may be linked to property nodes related tointernet searches, such as property nodes related to types of searchqueries, location constraints, user preferences, saved websites, and thelike. In some examples, as discussed herein, the domain may bedetermined based on at least one attribute including verbs or phrasesassociated with an activated affordance (e.g., “find,” “go to,” “searchfor,” and/or “what is,” associated with affordance 804 including a webbrowser application). For example, device 800 may determine user intentwithout the user referring to such verbs or phrases. For instance, basedon the domain corresponding to a web browser application and the userspeech “Best restaurants in Cupertino,” device 800 may determine thatthe user intends to search for restaurants in Cupertino, such that afull search query may be represented as “find best restaurants inCupertino.”

In some examples, in response to receiving the second input includingspeech, one or more outputs are provided. For example, referring to FIG.8C, a transcription 810 of user speech 808 may be provided. In someexamples, transcription 810 may be provided in response to the userproviding speech. In some examples, transcription 810 is provided as theuser is providing speech to the device, such that different charactersor words are displayed sequentially as the user speaks. Transcription810 may occupy a predetermined area of the screen, such as the top,middle, or bottom of the screen, for example. In some examples,transcription 810 is provided by displaying the transcription proximateto activated affordance 804, such as above, below, left of, right of, orproximate to a corner of the activated affordance 804. In some examples,a transcription output area associated with the transcription 810 isprovided prior to receiving the second speech input (e.g., an “empty”transcription), such that the transcription output area is provided inresponse to receiving the input including activation of affordance 804.For example, a user may activate affordance 804, and in response, atranscription output area is displayed including an empty transcriptionto indicate that the device is sampling audio data. In response toreceiving the second input including speech, the output includingtranscription 810 is provided in the transcription output area. In someexamples, display of the transcription 810 or the transcription outputarea causes background content to become dimmed and/or blurred, suchthat focus on the output and/or the activated affordance is enhanced. Insome examples, transcription 810 may occupy the entire screen anddisappear after a predetermined amount of time. In some examples,transcription 810 may be associated with a predetermined opacity, andsuch opacity may further be dynamically adjusted based on displayedcontent, user preferences, or other context information.

In some examples, electronic device 800 determines whether the userintent includes a command associated with the affordance. In someexamples, a command may be determined based at least in part on the userspeech, the activated affordance, displayed content, or other contextinformation. For example, in accordance with a determination that theuser intent corresponds to an internet search, the user intent isdetermined to include a command to invoke a web browser to perform aninternet search based on the user speech input, such as based on speechinput 808 for “Best restaurants in Cupertino.”

In some examples, in accordance with a determination that the userintent includes a command associated with the affordance, electronicdevice 800 performs a task in furtherance of the command. For example,referring to FIG. 8D, in accordance with a determination that the userintent includes a command to perform an internet search, device 800determines whether an internet search corresponds to activatedaffordance 804, associated with a web browser. Device 800 may determinethat a web browser includes functionality for performing an internetsearch, and thus determines that the user intent includes a commandassociated with affordance 804. In response to the determination, a taskis performed, such as opening web browser 812. The task may furtherinclude auto-populating a search field 814 including the transcriptionof the user speech 802, such as “best restaurants in Cupertino,” forexample. In some examples, with respect to a command to perform aninternet search, the task may further include performing the internetsearch based on the transcription of the user speech, and displayingresults 816 based on the performed search.

In some examples, as disclosed herein, affordance 804 may correspond toa web browser application, where activation of the affordance andsubsequent speech input facilitate performance of corresponding tasks byinvoking the application. In some examples, affordance 804 maycorrespond to other applications, such as applications for maps,restaurant reviews, weather, music, activity monitoring, health, videos(e.g., stored videos or live streams), social media, sports, navigation,online shopping, gaming, finance, driving services, and the like. Forexample, a user may activate an affordance for a maps application andprovide speech input including “route home,” causing the mapsapplication to be invoked with a destination auto-populated to theuser's home based on user profile information. As another example, auser may activate an affordance for a restaurant review application andprovide speech input including “how is John's Restaurant,” causing therestaurant review application to be invoked with a review page for“John's Restaurant” displayed. As yet another example, a user mayactivate an affordance for a music application and provide speech inputincluding “play classic rock songs,” causing the music application to beinvoked and further causing songs corresponding to a “classic rock”playlist to be played through one or more speakers of the device.

FIG. 9 illustrates an exemplary process for multi-modal inputs. Forexample, a user 902 may interact with electronic device 900 in order toperform one or more actions within a calendar application 904. In someexamples, a first input including activation of an affordance isreceived, such as activation of affordance 904. Affordance 904 may beassociated with a calendar entry within calendar application 904, forexample. Other affordances within calendar application may be activated,such affordances for a search, affordances for moving to a differentview, or affordances for selecting specific dates and/or times, such asspecific hours of a day, days of a month, months of a year, or aspecific year(s). In some examples, a domain associated with affordance904 is determined. For example, a domain associated with one or more of“events,” “scheduling,” “meetings,” “planning,” and the like may bedetermined based on the activation of a calendar entry. In someexamples, domains may be associated with property nodes for generalproperties such as “share,” “delete,” “search,” and the like. In someexamples, a second input including user speech, such as user speech 908,is received. User speech 908 may include the phrase “Move this to 2 pmtomorrow,” for example.

In some examples, a user intent is determined based on the determineddomain and the received user speech. In some examples, determining userintent includes disambiguating user speech based on context information.For example, an ambiguous term, such as “this,” in user speech 908 “Movethis to 2 pm tomorrow” may be disambiguated based on informationassociated with calendar application 904. In some examples, a referenceto “this,” “that,” “those,” “these,” and the like, may be disambiguatedbased on a currently activated affordance. For example, the ambiguousterm “this” in the speech “Move this to 2 pm tomorrow” may correspond toactivated affordance 904. Activated affordance 904 may correspond to acalendar entry for a “Conference with John,” for example. Adetermination is then made that the ambiguous term “this” refers to thecalendar entry for a “Conference with John.”

In some examples, a determined domain of “events” may be associated withproperty nodes for “event name,” “date/time,” “participants,” “createevent,” “change event,” and the like. The node for “change event” may beactivated based on the text “Move” generated from user speech 908, forexample. The node for “event name” may be activated based on thedisambiguated text “this,” meaning “Conference with John,” for example.The node for “date/time” may be activated based on text “2 pm tomorrow.”Based on the activation of actionable intent nodes using the determineddomain, device 900 may determine that the user intent corresponds to acommand to change the timing of calendar entry 904 to the following dayat 2 PM.

In some examples, in accordance with a determination that the userintent includes a command associated with affordance 904, a task isperformed in furtherance of the command. For example, in response todetermining that the user intent corresponds to a command to changetiming of calendar entry 904, device 900 may change timing informationassociated with calendar entry 904, such as changing the date of theentry to the following day, and changing the time to 2 PM. Device 900may further display one or more interfaces, such as a visual depictionwithin calendar application 906, including the following day andcalendar event 904 scheduled on the following day (not depicted). Insome examples, other commands associated with affordances within acalendar application 906 may include commands for creating a newcalendar entry, moving to a different date on the calendar, sending amessage or reminder to participants of a calendar event, setting areminder for a calendar event, and the like.

FIG. 10 illustrates an exemplary process for multi-modal inputs. Forexample, a user 1002 may interact with electronic device 1000 in orderto perform one or more actions within an e-mail application 1006. Insome examples, a first input including activation of an affordance isreceived, such as activation of affordance 1004. Affordance 1004 maycorrespond to an e-mail within a plurality of emails. In some examples,additional affordances within e-mail application 1006 application may beactivated, such affordances for creating a new e-mail, changingmailboxes, deleting an e-mail, archiving or changing a folder of ane-mail, opening an e-mail attachment, editing multiple e-mails, and thelike. In some examples, a domain associated with affordance 1004 isdetermined. For example, a domain associated with one or more of“messaging” or “e-mails” may be determined based on the activation of acalendar entry. In some examples, a domain for one of “business,”“personal,” and the like is determined based on a specific type ofe-mail account associated with the e-mail application 1004. In someexamples, a second input including user speech, such as user speech1008, is received. User speech 1008 may include the phrase “Create ameeting with everyone on this e-mail,” for example.

In some examples, a user intent is determined based on the determineddomain and the received user speech 1008. To determine user intent, theuser speech may be disambiguated based on context information, forexample. An ambiguous phrase such as “everyone on this e-mail,” in userspeech 1008 may be disambiguated based on information associated withe-mail application 1006. For example, the ambiguous phrase may bedetermined to correspond to activated affordance 1004, which isassociated with an e-mail to one or more recipients, such as “CJ Olson.”A determination is then made that the ambiguous phrase “everyone on thise-mail” refers to all recipients on the e-mail associated with activatedaffordance 1004.

In some examples, a determined domain of “messaging” or “e-mails” may beassociated with property nodes for “participants,” “reply,” “reply all,”“forward,” “add recipient,” “new event,” “delete e-mail” and the like.The node for “new event” may be activated based on the text “Create ameeting” generated from user speech 1008, for example. The node for“recipients” may be activated based on the disambiguated text“everyone,” meaning recipients of e-mail associated with activatedaffordance 1004, for example. Based on the activation of actionableintent nodes using the determined domain, device 1000 may determine thatthe user intent corresponds to a command to create a new event withparticipants corresponding to recipients of e-mail associated withactivated affordance 1004.

In some examples, in accordance with a determination that the userintent includes a command associated with the affordance 1004, a task isperformed in furtherance of the command. For example, in response todetermining that the user intent corresponds to a command to create anew meeting with participants corresponding to recipients of e-mail1004, device 1000 may initiate one or more interfaces to create a newmeeting. For example, calendar application may be invoked and a newevent created (not depicted). The new event may be auto-populated withparticipant names including the recipients of e-mail 1004. In someexamples, if additional information is required in order to perform atask in furtherance of a command, the user may be prompted foradditional input. For example, the user speech 1008 including “Create ameeting with everyone on this e-mail” does not include information for adate or time of the new meeting. In response to a determination thatadditional information is required to create a new meeting, such as adate and time of the meeting, device 1000 may output a prompt to theuser, such as “When would you like to schedule the meeting?” Uponreceiving additional input from the user that satisfies the request foradditional information, the task may be completed by, for example, autopopulating the new meeting entry with additional information provided bythe user. Device 1000 may further display one or more interfaces, suchas a visual depiction of a scheduled meeting including the participants.In some examples, other commands associated with affordances withine-mail application 1006 may include commands for creating a new e-mail,deleting or moving an e-mail, printing an e-mail, forwarding or replyingto an e-mail, displaying unread messages, moving to a new e-mail folder,creating a new e-mail folder, and the like.

FIG. 11 illustrates an exemplary process for multi-modal inputs. Forexample, a user 1102 may interact with electronic device 1100 in orderto perform one or more actions within a maps application 1106. In someexamples, a first input including activation of an affordance isreceived, such as activation of affordance 1104. Affordance 1104 may beassociated with a location of a displayed map, such as a businesslocation, home, street, park, and the like. In some examples, affordance1104 may be associated with a general area of the map. For example, user1102 may perform one or more swipe gestures resulting in the creation ofa shape (e.g., circle, rectangle, custom shape, etc.) on the displayedmap. The content of the displayed map included within the user-createdshape may correspond to the activated affordance 1104, for example.

In some examples, a domain associated with affordance 1104 isdetermined. For example, a domain associated with a geographical domainmay be determined. In some examples, contents within the affordance 1104may be used to determine a domain. For example, if affordance 1104includes the city of Cupertino, Calif., a domain for “Cupertino” and/or“California” may be determined. In some examples, a second inputincluding user speech, such as user speech 1108, is received. Userspeech 1108 may include the phrase “Any good Italian around here?” forexample.

In some examples, a user intent is determined based on the determineddomain and the received user speech 1108. In some examples, in order todetermine user intent, the user speech is disambiguated based on contextinformation. An ambiguous term in the user speech, such as “aroundhere,” may be disambiguated based on displayed content, for example. Insome examples, an affordance type may be determined, and if theaffordance type corresponds to a predetermined type, an attributeassociated with displayed content is determined. The attribute is thenused to determine the user intent, for example. In some examples,affordance 1104 may be associated with a location type. In turn,attributes associated with displayed contents within the mapsapplication 1106 are used to disambiguate the user speech. For example,affordance 1104 may include a specific area contained within a shapedrawn by user 1102 within the maps application 1106. For example, theuser may draw a circle, square, rectangle, or any other freeform shapearound a specific area within the maps application 1106. Attributesassociated with locations within the specific area may be used todisambiguate user speech. For example, the text for “around here”generated from user speech 1108 may be resolved to a meaning of anylocation within the circle drawn by the user. As another example,affordance 1104 may correspond to a specific location, such as abusiness location. In this case, the text for “around here” generatedfrom user speech 1108 may be resolved to a meaning of any locationwithin a predetermined distance from the business location (e.g., within5 miles of the location).

In some examples, the determined geographical domain may be associatedwith property nodes for “find location,” “route planning,” “trafficinformation,” “business information,” “restaurant information,” and thelike. The node for “find location” may be activated based on the text“Any” or “Any good,” generated from user speech 1108, for example. Thenode for “restaurant information” may be activated based on the text“Italian.” A sub-node of “find location,” such as for “location,” forthe disambiguated text “around here” may be activated. Based on theactivation of actionable intent nodes using the determined domain,device 1100 may determine that the user intent corresponds to a commandto find Italian restaurants within 5 miles of the location correspondingto activated affordance 1104.

In some examples, in accordance with a determination that the userintent includes a command associated with the affordance 1104, a task isperformed in furtherance of the command. For example, in response todetermining that the user intent corresponds to finding Italianrestaurants, device 1100 may display an interface (not depicted)including all restaurants that serve Italian within 5 miles of theactivated location. In some examples, in accordance with a determinationthat the user intent does not include a command associated with theaffordance, at least one command associated with the affordance isprovided. For example, while interacting with maps application 1106, theuser may activate affordance 1104 and provide speech input including“Send a new e-mail to these people.” Device 1000 may determine that thespeech input corresponds to a command to send a new e-mail, although mayfurther determine that the commands associated with affordance 1104within maps application 1106 do not include a command for sending a newe-mail. In response to the determination, at least one commandassociated with affordance 1104 is provided. For example, device 1100may provide exemplary commands which are associated with affordance1104, such as “You can say ‘find movie showtimes around here’” or “Trysaying ‘how long is traffic between here and San Francisco.’” In someexamples, other commands associated with affordances within a mapsapplication 1106 may include commands for finding alternative routes,locating open businesses, finding concerts or other activities,searching for public transit, and the like.

FIG. 12 illustrates an exemplary process for multi-modal inputs. Forexample, a user 1202 may interact with electronic device 1200 in orderto perform one or more actions within a media application 1206. In someexamples, a first input including activation of an affordance isreceived, such as activation of affordance 1204. Affordances within amedia application 1206 may be associated with a one or more media items,such as photos, videos, or a collection of one or more photos andvideos, for example. Affordance 1204 may correspond to a photo of aplurality of photos. Other affordances within media application may beactivated, such as affordances for moving to a different set of mediaitems (e.g., moving to media from a different day, month, or year) orselecting multiple media items. In some examples, a domain associatedwith affordance 1204 is determined. For example, a domain associatedwith one or more of “media” or “photos” may be determined based on theactivation of a photo, such as affordance 1204. In some examples, asecond input including user speech, such as user speech 1208, isreceived. User speech 1208 may include the phrase “Send this one toJohn,” for example.

In some examples, a user intent is determined based on the determineddomain and the received user speech. In some examples, an ambiguousterm, such as “this,” in user speech 1208 “Send this one to John” may bedisambiguated based on information associated with photos application1206. In some examples, a reference to “this,” “that,” “those,” “these,”and the like, may be disambiguated based on the currently activatedaffordance 1204, which corresponds to a specific photo. A determinationis then made that the ambiguous term “this” refers to the specific photoactivated by the user input.

In some examples, a determined domain of “media” or “photos” may beassociated with property nodes for media or photo related propertiessuch as “enhance,” “contrast,” “brightness,” “crop,” or other universalproperties such as “share,” “delete,” and the like. The node for “share”may be activated based on the text “Send this” generated from userspeech 1208, for example. The node for “photos” may be activated basedon the disambiguated text meaning the specific photo corresponding toactivated affordance 1204, for example. A sub-node for “Share”corresponding to “recipient” may be activated based on the text “John.”Based on the activation of actionable intent nodes using the determineddomain, device 1200 may determine that the user intent corresponds to acommand to send the specific photo to a contact in the user's addressbook named John.

In some examples, in accordance with a determination that the userintent includes a command associated with affordance 1204, a task isperformed in furtherance of the command. For example, in response todetermining that the user intent corresponds to a command to send thespecific photo to a contact in the user's address book named John,device 900 may display an interface such as a messaging or e-mailinterface. The displayed interface may further be auto-populated withthe recipient as the user's contact “John,” and with an attachmentincluding the specific photo activated via affordance 1204. In someexamples, other commands associated with affordances within a photosapplication 1206 may include commands for editing media, rearrangingmedia, deleting media, creating a media album, and the like.

FIG. 13 illustrates an exemplary process for multi-modal inputs. Forexample, a user 1302 may interact with electronic device 1300 in orderto perform one or more actions on a main screen of device 1300. In someexamples, a main screen of device 1300 includes one or more displayednotifications 1306. In some examples, a first input including activationof an affordance is received, such as activation of affordance 1304associated with a notification 1306. Notifications 1306 may correspondto alerts or other indications regarding events received at the device,such notifications regarding received messages, news alerts, voicemails,missed calls, application updates, sports scores, and the like. In someexamples, in accordance with receiving a first input includingactivation of an affordance, a second affordance is displayed proximateto the affordance. For example, in response to user 1302 activatingaffordance 1304, corresponding to notification 1306, additionalaffordances 1310 and 1312 may be displayed. Activation of affordances1310 may cause one or more tasks to be performed, such as marking anotification as completed or reminding the user about the notificationat a later time. Affordance 1312 may also be displayed, and activationof affordance 1312 may cause audio input to be sampled. For example, inresponse to user 1302 activating affordance 1312, audio input may besampled in order to receive additional user speech input. The additionalspeech input may be processed as discussed herein, in order to perform acommand associated with activated affordance 1304.

FIGS. 14A-B illustrate an exemplary process for multi-modal inputs. Forexample, with reference to FIG. 14A, a user 1402 may interact withelectronic device 1400 in order to perform dictation. In some examples,an input 1404 including activation of a text input area 1406 isreceived. A text input area 1406 may be included within an applicationin which a user may enter text, for example, a text input area for aninstant messaging application, an e-mail application, a web browser, asocial media application, a notes application, and the like. In someexamples, the input is received from a secondary device, such as aremote controller or smartphone. For example, the text input area may beassociated with a media application displayed on a television, such as asearch bar for searching media items. The secondary device may be incommunication with the television via a set-top box, such that a usermay activate text input area on the television from the secondarydevice.

In some examples, a determination is made whether activation of textinput area 1406 is associated with a predetermined input type. Forexample, user inputs may be associated with different pressures ordurations. In some examples, determination is made whether the input isassociated with a contact of a predetermined duration. A predeterminedinput type may correspond to any inputs of a duration greater than athreshold duration, such as three seconds, for example. In someexamples, determination is made whether the input includes a firstcontact of a first duration and a second contact of a differentduration. For example, the predetermined input type may correspond to ashort press following by a long press, or a long press followed by ashort press. In some examples, determination is made whether the inputincluding activation of the text input area is associated with apressure greater than a predetermined threshold pressure. For example,if a user only lightly taps the text input area, the text input area isnot activated. In some examples, when activation of the text input areais not associated with the predetermined input type, the activation maybe associated with other input types. For example, an input having aduration shorter than a threshold duration, and/or less than apredetermined threshold pressure, may cause one or more functions to beperformed. Such functions may include, for example, activation of a menu1410 including functions for cut, copy, paste, and the like.

In some examples, in accordance with a determination that the activationof the text input area is associated with a predetermined input type,audio input is sampled. For example, audio input may be sampled prior tothe activation of text input area 1406, or the audio input may besampled upon activation of text input area 1406. In some examples, apredetermined duration of audio data is continuously stored, such as amost recent duration of audio. In accordance with determining activationof text input area 1406 is associated with a predetermined input type,the predetermined duration of the received audio data is obtained, whereaudio data is sampled based on the predetermined duration of receivedaudio. Optionally, menu 1410 may further include an affordance foractivating speech recognition. For example, when determination is madethat the input corresponds to a predetermined input type, an affordancefor activating speech recognition is displayed within menu 1410. In someexamples, audio input may be sampled when a user input activates theaffordance for speech recognition. For example, when a user does notactivate the affordance for activating speech recognition, audiosampling does not occur.

In some examples, audio input may be sampled from a secondary device,such as a remote controller, smartphone, watch, or Bluetooth headset.For example, when a text input area is associated with an applicationdisplayed on a television, a user may both activate text input area onthe television from the secondary device, and provide audio inputthrough the secondary device. In some examples, an output is providedupon activation of the text input area, such as a visual, audible, orhaptic output. For example, a device being held by the user, such aselectronic device 1400 or a secondary device, may vibrate in response tothe audio input being sampled. The output may indicate to a user thataudio input is being sampled for speech recognition, for example, inorder to dictate user speech into the text input area.

In some examples, the audio input is sampled based on differentconditions. For example, while sampling the audio data, a determinationis made whether the input including activation of the text input area1406 is maintained. A user may, for example, activate the text inputarea 1406 by providing input 1404 and continuing to contact the devicescreen. In accordance with a determination that the input includingactivation of the text input area 1406 is maintained, sampling of theaudio data is continued, for example. In some examples, in accordancewith a determination that the input including activation of the textinput area 1406 is not maintained, sampling of the audio data isdiscontinued. For example, after contacting screen for ten seconds andproviding speech input, the user may release input 1404, and sampling ofaudio data is then discontinued. In some examples, upon sampling audiodata, determination is made whether a predetermined duration of audioincludes user speech, such as a most recent duration of audio. Inaccordance with a determination that the predetermined duration of audioincludes user speech, sampling of the audio data continues. For example,so long as the user continues to provide speech input to the device1400, audio data will continue to be sampled. In accordance with adetermination that the predetermined duration of audio does not includeuser speech, sampling of the audio data is discontinued. For example,once the user stops providing audio input to device 1400, audio samplingstops.

In some examples, a text representation is determined based on thesampled audio data. For example, text may be determined as audio datacontaining user speech is sampled. In some examples, the textrepresentation is determined based on a predetermined duration of audiodata, such as a most recent duration of received audio data. Forexample, audio data is continuously received, and a predeterminedduration of the audio data is stored. In accordance with receiving auser input 1404 including activation of the text input area 1406, thestored duration of audio data is sampled, where at least a portions ofthe text representation is determined based on the sampled duration. Forexample, with reference to FIG. 14B, if a user begins providing speechinput 1408 including “How about Italian,” although has not yet activatedtext input area 1406, the full speech input “How about Italian” is stillcaptured based on the predetermined duration of audio when the useractivates text input area 1406 shortly after beginning to speak. Atleast a portion of the generated text is then based on the storedduration.

In some examples, an output including the representation is providedwithin the text input area. For example, transcription 1412 may bedisplayed within text input area 1406. In some examples, the textrepresentation may be displayed while the text representation isdetermined based on the sampled audio data. For example, thetranscription 1412 of the speech input 1408 is provided in real-time asthe user speaks the input 1408.

FIGS. 15A-B illustrate an exemplary process for multi-modal inputs. Forexample, a user 1502 may interact with electronic device 1500 in orderto determine whether displayed affordances are associated with one ormore voice commands. Device 1500 may display one or more affordances,such as affordance 1504. In some examples, a user input 1502 isreceived, corresponding to one or more affordances, such as affordance1504. For example, a user input may correspond to a contact on thedisplay of the device. In some examples, receiving an input includesdetecting an object, such as a finger of the user, in proximity of thedisplay. For example, one or more proximity sensors may detect that afinger of the user 1502 is positioned close to affordance 1504, such aswithin a predetermined threshold distance of the display screen at alocation corresponding to the affordance 1504. In some examples,receiving an input includes detecting a cursor positioned over anaffordance. For example, when the device corresponds to a personalcomputer, such as a laptop, a user may interact with affordances using amouse or trackpad to control a cursor. Receiving the input may include,for example, detecting that the cursor controlled by the user ispositioned over a displayed affordance. In some examples, userpreferences may determine when to detect such inputs, such as onlydetecting direct inputs on an affordance (e.g., tap or touch), orpermitting detection of more passive inputs related to an affordance(e.g., a “mouse-over” gesture). In some examples, the input is receivedfrom a secondary device, such as a remote controller or smartphone. Forexample, the affordances may be displayed on a televisioncommunicatively coupled to the secondary device via a set-top box, wherethe user provides an input corresponding to a displayed affordancethrough a secondary device.

In some examples, determination is made whether the affordancecorresponding to the input is associated with one or more voicecommands. For example, one or more voice commands may be compatible withan application associated with the affordance 1504, which may correspondto an e-mail application. The command “create new e-mail” may beassociated with the e-mail application, for example. In some examples,certain commands, such as default commands, may be compatible with allor nearly all affordances. For example, a share command, a help command,a delete command, or a search command may be compatible with all ornearly all affordances. A share command may cause an application orelement associated with an application to be shared with another user(e.g., through text message or e-mail), for example. A help command may,for example, cause additional information regarding an affordance to beprovided to the user. A delete command may delete an application, orelement associated with the affordance (e.g., a photo in a photosapplication), from the device, for example. In some examples, a searchcommand may initiate a search function associated with an application orelement (e.g., a search within an e-mail inbox).

In some examples, determining whether affordance 1504 is associated withone or more voice commands includes determining whether the affordance1504 is associated with one or more voice commands not included in aplurality of default voice commands. For example, an affordance may onlybe associated with the default voice commands, and not associated withadditional voice commands. Additional voice commands may be associatedwith an affordance by providing updates to an application or an elementassociated with the application, for example, by a vendor of anapplication.

In some examples, in accordance with a determination that affordance1504 is associated with one or more voice commands, an output 1506 isprovided to indicate that the affordance 1504 is associated with one ormore voice commands. For example, output 1506 may be displayed proximateto affordance 1504. The output 1506 may indicate to user 1502 thataffordance 1504 can be interacted with via a voice command, for example.In some examples, the output is displayed for a predetermined duration(e.g., three seconds). The output may include one or more indicationsregarding voice command compatibility, such as a plurality of dotswithin a circle. In some examples, the output may include a visualeffect around the affordance, such as a glow or visual vibration. Insome examples, the output may include an audible and/or haptic output inaddition to or instead of a visual output. In some examples, the outputis provided at a secondary device in addition to or instead of at thedevice at which the affordance is displayed. For example, a user mayprovide the input via a secondary device, such as a remote controller orsmartphone. The output, such as a haptic output, may be provided at thesecondary device to indicate that the affordance corresponding to theuser input is associated with one or more voice commands. The output mayfurther be provided at an additional device, such as a smartwatch orBluetooth headset communicatively coupled to the device at which theaffordance is displayed and/or the secondary device.

In some examples, providing output 1506 includes determining whether theinput is maintained. For example, output 1506 may continue to beprovided in accordance with a determination that the first input ismaintained. The user 1502 may provide an input by momentarily contactingor hovering a finger over affordance 1504, for example. While the userprovides the input, output 1506 may continue to be displayed. Inaccordance with a determination that the first input is not maintained(e.g., the user releases contact or moves the finger away fromaffordance 1504), display of output 1506 is discontinued.

FIG. 16 illustrates process 1600 for providing multi-modal inputs,according to various examples. Process 1600 is performed, for example,using one or more electronic devices implementing a digital assistant.In some examples, process 1600 is performed using a client-server system(e.g., system 100), and the blocks of process 1600 are divided up in anymanner between the server (e.g., DA server 106) and a client device. Inother examples, the blocks of process 1600 are divided up between theserver and multiple client devices (e.g., a mobile phone and a smartwatch). Thus, while portions of process 1600 are described herein asbeing performed by particular devices of a client-server system, it willbe appreciated that process 1600 is not so limited. In other examples,process 1600 is performed using only a client device (e.g., user device104) or only multiple client devices. In process 1600, some blocks are,optionally, combined, the order of some blocks is, optionally, changed,and some blocks are, optionally, omitted. In some examples, additionalsteps may be performed in combination with the process 1600.

At block 1602, the electronic device receives a first input includingactivation of an affordance. In some examples, receiving the first inputincluding activation of the affordance includes determining whether thefirst input is associated with a pressure greater than a predeterminedthreshold, and in accordance with a determination that the first inputis associated with a pressure greater than the predetermined threshold,determining that the first input is received. In some examples,receiving the first input including activation of the affordanceincludes receiving, at a position on a display of the electronic device,a first contact associated with a first duration, and receiving, at theposition on the display, a second contact associated with a secondduration, wherein the second duration is longer than the first duration.In some examples, receiving the first input including activation of theaffordance includes receiving, at a first position on a display of theelectronic device, a first contact, detecting a swipe gesture on thedisplay, detecting, at a second position on the display, a release ofthe contact, and determining the affordance based on an area associatedwith the first position, the swipe gesture, and the second position.These features improve digital assistants by maintaining existingfunctionality on the device based on specific input types (e.g., a shortpress for an existing function), and extending functionality tomulti-modal inputs for voice commands based on a variety of additionalinput types (e.g., pressure-based inputs or gesture-based inputs). Inother words, the system maximizes different input types in order toachieve multi-modal functionality without decreasing usability withrespect to existing features.

In some examples, receiving the first input including activation of theaffordance includes detecting a user gaze corresponding to theaffordance, wherein the gaze is associated with a predefined duration.In some examples, in accordance with receiving the first input includingactivation of the affordance, a second affordance is displayed proximateto the affordance, a third input including activation of the secondaffordance is received, and in accordance with receiving the thirdinput, audio input is sampled to receive the second input. In someexamples, the first input is received from a secondary device. Byactivating the affordance based on additional inputs such as eye gaze orinputs from secondary devices, the multi-modal input system is leveragedacross a variety of different device types using different techniques.In turn, the multi-modal system can be extended to interactionsinvolving televisions, smart watches, personal computers, virtualreality systems, home stereos systems, and the like.

At block 1604, a domain associated with the affordance is determined. Insome examples, determining a domain associated with the affordanceincludes determining at least one attribute associated with theactivated affordance, identifying at least one actionable intent nodecorresponding to the at least one attribute, and determining user intentbased on the at least one identified actionable intent node. Determininga domain associated with an affordance is advantageous in improvingaccuracy for user intent determination. For example, by determining aspecific domain associated with an affordance, such as a geographicaldomain (e.g., corresponding to a maps application) or a media domain(e.g., corresponding to an entertainment application), the system maynarrow the possible domains from which a user intent is determined. Inother words, by performing domain determination, the system obtainsknowledge that a speech input will likely be related to the domaincorresponding to an activated affordance. In turn, the system maximizesresource utilization by avoiding intent determination based onirrelevant domains.

At block 1606, a second input including user speech is received. In someexamples, the second input is received from a secondary device. In someexamples, audio data is received, where a predetermined duration of thereceived audio data is stored, and in accordance with receiving thefirst input, the predetermined duration of the received audio data isobtained, wherein at least a portion of the second input including userspeech is received from the predetermined duration of the received audiodata. In some examples, the predetermined duration of audio includes amost recent duration of audio. In some examples, in accordance withreceiving the first input, audio input is sampled to receive the secondinput, a determination is made whether the first input is maintained,where in accordance with a determination that the first input ismaintained, sampling the audio input is continued, and in accordancewith a determination that the first input is not maintained, samplingthe audio input is discontinued. In some examples, in response toreceiving the first input, audio input is sampled to receive the secondinput, where based on the sampling, a determination is made whether apredetermined duration of audio includes user speech, and in accordancewith a determination that the predetermined duration of audio includesuser speech, sampling the audio input is continued, and in accordancewith a determination that the predetermined duration of audio does notinclude user speech, sampling the audio input is discontinued. In someexamples, the predetermined duration of audio includes a most recentduration of audio. By sampling audio based on various differentconditions, the system provides a user with multiple ways with which toprovide voice commands after an affordance is activated. For example,the user can press and hold an affordance, and provide speech while theaffordance is continuously held by the user. Alternatively, if the userdoes not wish or is unable to continuously press the affordance, theuser can provide speech, and audio sampling will be discontinuedautomatically once the user stops speaking. Furthermore, the user canprovide speech via a secondary device if more convenient. Each of thesemethods improves user experience by maximizing options available to theuser.

At block 1608, a user intent is determined based on the domain and theuser speech. In some examples, an affordance type is determined, wherein accordance with a determination that the affordance type correspondsto a predetermined type, at least one attribute associated withdisplayed content is determined, and the user intent is furtherdetermined based on the at least one attribute. In some examples, theaffordance type corresponds to at least one of a mail type, a phototype, a map type, a calendar type, or a notification type. By refininguser intent determination based on displayed content, the system furtheroptimizes the multi-modal input system. For example, while user intentdetermination is first enhanced based on domain determination, userspeech which remains ambiguous can be disambiguated based on displayedcontent. For example, if the device has determined a media domainassociated with a displayed picture, and the user speech input includes“put this song second,” the device leverages displayed content tosatisfy the user request. That is, in the case where a song playlist isdisplayed, the device may determine that “second” refers to a secondposition within the displayed playlist, based on attributes associatedwith the playlist, for example. Intent determination is thus furtherimproved.

At block 1610, a determination is made whether the user intent includesa command associated with the affordance. In some examples, inaccordance with a determination that the user intent does not include acommand associated with the affordance, at least one command associatedwith the affordance is provided at block 1612. In some examples, the atleast one command associated with the affordance includes at least oneof a share command, a help command, a delete command, or a searchcommand. By providing a command in this manner, the multi-modal inputsystem provides additional information to a user in the case where auser command is not associated with an activated affordance. Forexample, a user may routinely utilize a command for “send message” withan instant message or e-mail application. If the user attempts toutilize the command with a newly downloaded application that does notyet perform such functionality, the device will inform the user ofcurrently available commands for the new application, such as defaultcommands available to all applications, or application-specificcommands. These features further improve user experience by providingvaluable training to the user.

At block 1614, in accordance with a determination that the user intentincludes a command associated with the affordance, a task in furtheranceof the command is performed. By performing a task based on multi-modalinputs, the system leverages the strengths of physical “touch” inputs(or other non-speech inputs) together with the strengths of speechinputs to provide an enhanced user experience. Specifically, non-speechinputs such as touch or tap provide the user with the ability toprecisely and accurately identify and activate different objects on adisplayed screen, while avoiding requiring a user to make many differenttouch inputs and screen gestures to perform a task. The system furtherleverages the ease by which a user can complete a request by providingadditional instructions via speech input, especially where suchinstructions would be difficult to perform via touch. User intentdetermination is further enhanced based on domain determination,resulting in a system that improves upon conventional digital assistantsand associated difficulties.

The operations described above with reference to FIG. 16 are optionallyimplemented by components depicted in FIGS. 1-4, 6A-6B, and 7A-7C. Forexample, the operations of process 1600 may be implemented by one ormore of operating system 718, applications module 724, I/O processingmodule 728, STT processing module 730, natural language processingmodule 732, vocabulary index 744, task flow processing module 736,service processing module 738, media service(s) 120-1, or processor(s)220, 410, 704. It would be clear to a person having ordinary skill inthe art how other processes are implemented based on the componentsdepicted in FIGS. 1-4, 6A-6B, and 7A-7C.

FIG. 17 illustrates process 1700 for providing multi-modal inputs,according to various examples. Process 1700 is performed, for example,using one or more electronic devices implementing a digital assistant.In some examples, process 1700 is performed using a client-server system(e.g., system 100), and the blocks of process 1700 are divided up in anymanner between the server (e.g., DA server 106) and a client device. Inother examples, the blocks of process 1700 are divided up between theserver and multiple client devices (e.g., a mobile phone and a smartwatch). Thus, while portions of process 1700 are described herein asbeing performed by particular devices of a client-server system, it willbe appreciated that process 1700 is not so limited. In other examples,process 1700 is performed using only a client device (e.g., user device104) or only multiple client devices. In process 1700, some blocks are,optionally, combined, the order of some blocks is, optionally, changed,and some blocks are, optionally, omitted. In some examples, additionalsteps may be performed in combination with the process 1700.

At block 1702, the electronic device receives an input includingactivation of a text input area. In some examples, the input is receivedfrom a secondary device. In some examples, the text input areacorresponds to at least one of an instant messaging text field, ane-mail text field, a calendar event text field, a notes field, a socialmedia text field, or a search text field. By activating a text inputarea based on inputs at the device or from a secondary device, thesystem provides a user with different options to activate text fieldsthat are prevalent in many different application and settings. Forexample, the user can activate a text input area to compose an e-mail onthe device, or can alternatively activate a text input area on atelevision to compose an e-mail from a secondary device, such as asmartphone. These varied inputs improve user experience by allowingactivation of text input areas across a plurality of devices.

At block 1704, a determination is made whether the activation of thetext input area is associated with a predetermined input type. In someexamples, determining whether the activation of the text input area isassociated with a predetermined input type includes determining whetherthe input including activation of the text input area is associated witha contact of a predetermined duration. In some examples, determiningwhether the activation of the text input area is associated with apredetermined input type includes determining whether the inputincluding activation of the text input area is associated with apressure greater than a predetermined threshold pressure. In someexamples, determining whether the activation of the text input area isassociated with a predetermined input type includes receiving, withinthe text input area, a first contact associated with a first duration,and receiving, within the text input area, a second contact associatedwith a second duration, wherein the second duration is longer than thefirst duration. By determining whether activation is associated with apredetermined input type, the system maintains existing functionality onthe device, such as a quick tap for an existing function, and extendsfunctionality to multi-modal inputs for voice commands based onadditional input types, such as inputs based on pressure or timing. Inturn, the system maximizes different input types in order to achievemulti-modal functionality without decreasing usability of existingfeatures.

At block 1706, in accordance with a determination that the activation ofthe text input area is associated with a predetermined input type, audiodata is sampled. In some examples, in accordance with a determinationthat the activation of the text input area is associated with apredetermined input type, audio data is received from a secondarydevice, and sampling audio data includes sampling the audio datareceived from the secondary device. In some examples, in accordance witha determination that the activation of the text input area is associatedwith a predetermined input type, an output is provided to indicate aninitiation of speech recognition, wherein the output includes at leastone of an audible output, a visual output, or a haptic output. In someexamples, while sampling the audio data, a determination is made whetherthe input including activation of the text input area is maintained,where in accordance with a determination that the input includingactivation of the text input area is maintained, sampling the audio datais continued, and in accordance with a determination that the inputincluding activation of the text input area is not maintained, samplingthe audio data is discontinued. In some examples, a determination ismade whether a predetermined duration of audio includes user speech,where in accordance with a determination that the predetermined durationof audio includes user speech, sampling the audio data is continued, andin accordance with a determination that the predetermined duration ofaudio does not include user speech, sampling the audio data isdiscontinued. In some examples, the predetermined duration of audioincludes a most recent duration of audio. By sampling audio based onvarious different conditions, the system provides a user with multipleways with which to provide input text after a text input area isactivated. For example, the user can press and hold the text input area,and provide speech while the area is continuously held by the user.Alternatively, if the user does not wish or is unable to continuouslypress the text input area, the user can provide speech, and audiosampling will be discontinued automatically once the user stopsspeaking. Furthermore, the user can provide speech via a secondarydevice if more convenient or necessary. Each of these methods improvesuser experience by maximizing options available to the user.

At block 1708, a text representation is determined based on the sampledaudio data. In some examples, audio data is received, where apredetermined duration of the received audio data is stored, and inaccordance with receiving the input including activation of the textinput area, the predetermined duration of audio data sampled, where atleast a portion of the text representation is determined based on thesampled predetermined duration of audio data. In some examples, thepredetermined duration of received audio data includes a most recentduration of audio. By sampling a stored duration of audio, the systemensures that any speech received prior to user activation of the textinput area will be captured and included in a generated textrepresentation. For example, a user may momentarily begin dictating tothe device before activating the text input area. The system thus avoidsthe case where such audio would not be included in the dictated text, byaccounting for a predetermined duration of audio received prior toactivation of the text input area. These features improve userexperience by eliminating the strict sequence of user inputs (e.g.,touch then speak) that would be required without such features.

At block 1710, an output including the text representation is providedwithin the text input area. In some examples, providing, within the textinput area, an output including the text representation includes, whiledetermining the text representation based on the sampled audio data,displaying text within the text input area, wherein the displayed textcorresponds to a determined portion of the text representation. Byproviding the text representation within the text input area, and whilethe text representation is being determined, the user is able to viewgenerated results as the user speaks, allowing the user to revise thedictated text if necessary. Such features improve user experience byproviding enhanced feedback and real-time dictation.

The operations described above with reference to FIG. 17 are optionallyimplemented by components depicted in FIGS. 1-4, 6A-6B, and 7A-7C. Forexample, the operations of process 1700 may be implemented by one ormore of operating system 718, applications module 724, I/O processingmodule 728, STT processing module 730, natural language processingmodule 732, vocabulary index 744, task flow processing module 736,service processing module 738, media service(s) 120-1, or processor(s)220, 410, 704. It would be clear to a person having ordinary skill inthe art how other processes are implemented based on the componentsdepicted in FIGS. 1-4, 6A-6B, and 7A-7C.

FIG. 18 illustrates process 1800 for providing multi-modal inputs,according to various examples. Process 1800 is performed, for example,using one or more electronic devices implementing a digital assistant.In some examples, process 1800 is performed using a client-server system(e.g., system 100), and the blocks of process 1800 are divided up in anymanner between the server (e.g., DA server 106) and a client device. Inother examples, the blocks of process 1800 are divided up between theserver and multiple client devices (e.g., a mobile phone and a smartwatch). Thus, while portions of process 1800 are described herein asbeing performed by particular devices of a client-server system, it willbe appreciated that process 1800 is not so limited. In other examples,process 1800 is performed using only a client device (e.g., user device104) or only multiple client devices. In process 1800, some blocks are,optionally, combined, the order of some blocks is, optionally, changed,and some blocks are, optionally, omitted. In some examples, additionalsteps may be performed in combination with the process 1800.

At block 1802, one or more affordances are displayed.

At block 1804, an input corresponding to an affordance of the one ormore affordances is received. In some examples, the input includes auser contact on a display of the electronic device. In some examples,receiving an input includes detecting an object in proximity of theaffordance. In some examples, receiving an input includes detecting acursor positioned over the affordance. In some examples, the input isreceived from a secondary device. By detecting a variety of differentinput types, the system leverages varying levels of user interactionwith the device. For example, inputs may be detected based on a directuser input, such as a touch or tap on the screen, and inputs may furtherbe detected by more passive inputs such as a “mouse-over” or “hover”over an affordance. Detecting varying levels of user interactionfacilitates varying levels of intrusiveness for discovering usefulfeatures of the device.

At block 1806, a determination is made whether the affordance isassociated with one or more voice commands. In some examples,determining whether the affordance is associated with one or more voicecommands includes determining a plurality of default voice commands, anddetermining whether the affordance is associated with one or more voicecommands not included in the plurality of default voice commands. Bydistinguishing between default commands and additional commands, thedevice enhances discoverability by only providing notifications when anaffordance is associated with unique commands. For example, allaffordances may be associated with a default set of voice commands, suchthat discoverability does not apply to such commands (e.g., doing sowould cause display an output for all affordances).

At block 1808, in accordance with a determination that the affordance isassociated with one or more voice commands, an output is provided toindicate that the affordance is associated with one or more voicecommands. In some examples, providing an output to indicate that theaffordance is associated with one or more voice commands includesdisplaying an output for a predetermined duration. In some examples,providing an output to indicate that the affordance is associated withone or more voice commands includes determining whether the input ismaintained, where in accordance with a determination that the firstinput is maintained, providing the output is continued, and inaccordance with a determination that the first input is not maintained,providing the output is discontinued. In some examples, the output isprovided at a secondary device. In some examples, the output includes atleast one of an audible output, a visual output, or a haptic output. Byproviding outputs based on different conditions or at different devices,the system enhances function discoverability by varying the level ofintrusiveness when providing outputs. For example, outputs may onlyappear for a predetermined duration, or only while a user input isdetected. By further providing haptic or audible outputs, the device mayprovide a more subtle way of informing the user that an affordance isassociated with one or more voice commands. Each of these featuresimproves user experience by providing valuable training to the userregarding features that the user may have previously been unaware of. Asa result, device functionality and user productivity is maximized.

The operations described above with reference to FIG. 18 are optionallyimplemented by components depicted in FIGS. 1-4, 6A-6B, and 7A-7C. Forexample, the operations of process 1800 may be implemented by one ormore of operating system 718, applications module 724, I/O processingmodule 728, STT processing module 730, natural language processingmodule 732, vocabulary index 744, task flow processing module 736,service processing module 738, media service(s) 120-1, or processor(s)220, 410, 704. It would be clear to a person having ordinary skill inthe art how other processes are implemented based on the componentsdepicted in FIGS. 1-4, 6A-6B, and 7A-7C.

In accordance with some implementations, a computer-readable storagemedium (e.g., a non-transitory computer readable storage medium) isprovided, the computer-readable storage medium storing one or moreprograms for execution by one or more processors of an electronicdevice, the one or more programs including instructions for performingany of the methods or processes described herein.

In accordance with some implementations, an electronic device (e.g., aportable electronic device) is provided that comprises means forperforming any of the methods or processes described herein.

In accordance with some implementations, an electronic device (e.g., aportable electronic device) is provided that comprises a processing unitconfigured to perform any of the methods or processes described herein.

In accordance with some implementations, an electronic device (e.g., aportable electronic device) is provided that comprises one or moreprocessors and memory storing one or more programs for execution by theone or more processors, the one or more programs including instructionsfor performing any of the methods or processes described herein.

The foregoing description, for purpose of explanation, has beendescribed with reference to specific embodiments. However, theillustrative discussions above are not intended to be exhaustive or tolimit the invention to the precise forms disclosed. Many modificationsand variations are possible in view of the above teachings. Theembodiments were chosen and described in order to best explain theprinciples of the techniques and their practical applications. Othersskilled in the art are thereby enabled to best utilize the techniquesand various embodiments with various modifications as are suited to theparticular use contemplated.

Although the disclosure and examples have been fully described withreference to the accompanying drawings, it is to be noted that variouschanges and modifications will become apparent to those skilled in theart. Such changes and modifications are to be understood as beingincluded within the scope of the disclosure and examples as defined bythe claims.

As described above, one aspect of the present technology is thegathering and use of data available from various sources to improvemulti-modal inputs for voice commands. The present disclosurecontemplates that in some instances, this gathered data may includepersonal information data that uniquely identifies or can be used tocontact or locate a specific person. Such personal information data caninclude demographic data, location-based data, telephone numbers, emailaddresses, twitter IDs, home addresses, data or records relating to auser's health or level of fitness (e.g., vital signs measurements,medication information, exercise information), date of birth, or anyother identifying or personal information.

The present disclosure recognizes that the use of such personalinformation data, in the present technology, can be used to the benefitof users. For example, the personal information data can be used tobetter understand user utterances, for example, for user intentdetermination. Accordingly, use of such personal information data mayenable user intent determination based on user preferences, for example.Further, other uses for personal information data that benefit the userare also contemplated by the present disclosure. For instance, healthand fitness data may be used to provide insights into a user's generalwellness, or may be used as positive feedback to individuals usingtechnology to pursue wellness goals.

The present disclosure contemplates that the entities responsible forthe collection, analysis, disclosure, transfer, storage, or other use ofsuch personal information data will comply with well-established privacypolicies and/or privacy practices. In particular, such entities shouldimplement and consistently use privacy policies and practices that aregenerally recognized as meeting or exceeding industry or governmentalrequirements for maintaining personal information data private andsecure. Such policies should be easily accessible by users, and shouldbe updated as the collection and/or use of data changes. Personalinformation from users should be collected for legitimate and reasonableuses of the entity and not shared or sold outside of those legitimateuses. Further, such collection/sharing should occur after receiving theinformed consent of the users. Additionally, such entities shouldconsider taking any needed steps for safeguarding and securing access tosuch personal information data and ensuring that others with access tothe personal information data adhere to their privacy policies andprocedures. Further, such entities can subject themselves to evaluationby third parties to certify their adherence to widely accepted privacypolicies and practices. In addition, policies and practices should beadapted for the particular types of personal information data beingcollected and/or accessed and adapted to applicable laws and standards,including jurisdiction-specific considerations. For instance, in the US,collection of or access to certain health data may be governed byfederal and/or state laws, such as the Health Insurance Portability andAccountability Act (HIPAA); whereas health data in other countries maybe subject to other regulations and policies and should be handledaccordingly. Hence different privacy practices should be maintained fordifferent personal data types in each country.

Despite the foregoing, the present disclosure also contemplatesembodiments in which users selectively block the use of, or access to,personal information data. That is, the present disclosure contemplatesthat hardware and/or software elements can be provided to prevent orblock access to such personal information data. For example, in the caseof a user enrollment process for speech recognition, the presenttechnology can be configured to allow users to select to “opt in” or“opt out” of the enrollment process, which may utilize personalinformation from the user such as voice characteristics. In anotherexample, users can select to “opt in” or “opt out” of a process thatautomatically listens for a spoken trigger. In yet another example,users can select to “opt in” or “opt out” of a process thatautomatically listens for a spoken trigger. In addition to providing“opt in” and “opt out” options, the present disclosure contemplatesproviding notifications relating to the access or use of personalinformation. For instance, a user may be notified upon downloading anapp that their personal information data will be accessed and thenreminded again just before personal information data is accessed by theapp.

Moreover, it is the intent of the present disclosure that personalinformation data should be managed and handled in a way to minimizerisks of unintentional or unauthorized access or use. Risk can beminimized by limiting the collection of data and deleting data once itis no longer needed. In addition, and when applicable, including incertain health related applications, data de-identification can be usedto protect a user's privacy. De-identification may be facilitated, whenappropriate, by removing specific identifiers (e.g., date of birth,etc.), controlling the amount or specificity of data stored (e.g.,collecting location data at a city level rather than at an addresslevel), controlling how data is stored (e.g., aggregating data acrossusers), and/or other methods.

Therefore, although the present disclosure broadly covers use ofpersonal information data to implement one or more various disclosedembodiments, the present disclosure also contemplates that the variousembodiments can also be implemented without the need for accessing suchpersonal information data. That is, the various embodiments of thepresent technology are not rendered inoperable due to the lack of all ora portion of such personal information data. For example, multi-modalinput methods for voice commands can be performed based on non-personalinformation data or a bare minimum amount of personal information, suchas the content being requested by the device associated with a user,other non-personal information available to the intelligent automatedassistant, or publicly available information.

What is claimed is:
 1. A non-transitory computer-readable storage mediumstoring one or more programs, the one or more programs comprisinginstructions, which when executed by one or more processors of anelectronic device, cause the electronic device to: receive a first inputincluding activation of a displayed affordance, wherein the first inputincludes a user selection of the displayed affordance on a display ofthe electronic device; in response to receiving the first input, displaya transcription portion adjacent to the displayed affordance; determinea domain associated with the displayed affordance; receive a secondinput including user speech; in response to receiving the second input,display a transcription of the user speech within the transcriptionportion; determine a user intent based on the domain associated with thedisplayed affordance and the user speech; determine whether the userintent includes a command associated with the displayed affordance; andin accordance with a determination that the user intent includes acommand associated with the displayed affordance, perform a task infurtherance of the command.
 2. The computer-readable storage medium ofclaim 1, wherein receiving the first input including activation of thedisplayed affordance comprises: determining whether the first input isassociated with a pressure greater than a predetermined threshold; andin accordance with a determination that the first input is associatedwith a pressure greater than the predetermined threshold, determiningthat the first input is received.
 3. The computer-readable storagemedium of claim 1, wherein receiving the first input includingactivation of the displayed affordance comprises: receiving, at aposition on a display of the electronic device, a first contactassociated with a first duration; and receiving, at the position on thedisplay, a second contact associated with a second duration, wherein thesecond duration is longer than the first duration.
 4. Thecomputer-readable storage medium of claim 1, wherein receiving the firstinput including activation of the displayed affordance comprises:receiving, at a first position on a display of the electronic device, afirst contact; detecting a swipe gesture on the display; detecting, at asecond position on the display, a release of the contact; anddetermining the affordance based on an area associated with the firstposition, the swipe gesture, and the second position.
 5. Thecomputer-readable storage medium of claim 1, wherein receiving the firstinput including activation of the displayed affordance comprises:detecting a user gaze corresponding to the displayed affordance, whereinthe gaze is associated with a predefined duration.
 6. Thecomputer-readable storage medium of claim 1, wherein the instructionsfurther cause the electronic device to: in accordance with receiving thefirst input including activation of the displayed affordance, display asecond affordance proximate to the displayed affordance; receive a thirdinput including activation of the second displayed affordance; and inaccordance with receiving the third input, sample audio input to receivethe second input.
 7. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 1,wherein the first input is initiated at a secondary device.
 8. Thecomputer-readable storage medium of claim 1, wherein the second input isinitiated at a secondary device.
 9. The computer-readable storage mediumof claim 1, wherein determining a domain associated with the displayedaffordance comprises: determining at least one attribute associated withthe displayed affordance; identifying at least one actionable intentnode corresponding to the at least one attribute; and determining theuser intent based on the at least one identified actionable intent node.10. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 1, wherein theinstructions further cause the electronic device to: determine anaffordance type; in accordance with a determination that the affordancetype corresponds to a predetermined type, determine at least oneattribute associated with displayed content; and determine the userintent based on the at least one attribute.
 11. The computer-readablestorage medium of claim 10, wherein the affordance type corresponds toat least one of a mail type, a photo type, a map type, a calendar type,or a notification type.
 12. The computer-readable storage medium ofclaim 1, wherein the instructions further cause the electronic deviceto: in accordance with a determination that the user intent does notinclude a command associated with the displayed affordance, provide atleast one command associated with the displayed affordance.
 13. Thecomputer-readable storage medium of claim 1, wherein the at least onecommand associated with the affordance includes at least one of a sharecommand, a help command, a delete command, or a search command.
 14. Thecomputer-readable storage medium of claim 1, wherein the instructionsfurther cause the electronic device to: receive audio data; store apredetermined duration of the received audio data; in accordance withreceiving the first input, obtain the predetermined duration of thereceived audio data, wherein at least a portion of the second inputincluding user speech is received from the predetermined duration of thereceived audio data.
 15. The computer-readable storage medium of claim14, wherein the predetermined duration of audio includes a most recentduration of audio.
 16. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 1,wherein the user selection of the displayed affordance includes a touchinput on the displayed affordance, and wherein the instructions furthercause the electronic device to: in accordance with receiving the touchinput, activate a microphone to sample audio input in order to receivethe second input; determine whether the touch input is maintained; andin accordance with a determination that the touch input is maintained,continue sampling the audio input; and in accordance with adetermination that the touch input is released, deactivate themicrophone.
 17. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 1, whereinthe instructions further cause the electronic device to: in response toreceiving the first input, sample audio input to receive the secondinput; determine, based on the sampling, whether a predeterminedduration of audio includes user speech; in accordance with adetermination that the predetermined duration of audio includes userspeech, continue sampling the audio input; and in accordance with adetermination that the predetermined duration of audio does not includeuser speech, discontinue sampling the audio input.
 18. Thecomputer-readable storage medium of claim 17, wherein the predeterminedduration of audio includes a most recent duration of audio.
 19. Thecomputer-readable storage medium of claim 1, the one or more programsfurther comprising instructions, which cause the electronic device to:display an affordance and additional content with the displayedaffordance; in response to receiving the first input: modify anappearance of the additional content; and provide at least one of anaudible output and a haptic output.
 20. An electronic device,comprising: one or more processors; a memory; and one or more programs,wherein the one or more programs are stored in the memory and configuredto be executed by the one or more processors, the one or more programsincluding instructions for: receiving a first input including activationof a displayed affordance, wherein the first input includes a userselection of the displayed affordance on a display of the electronicdevice; in response to receiving the first input, displaying atranscription portion adjacent to the displayed affordance; determininga domain associated with the displayed affordance; receiving a secondinput including user speech; in response to receiving the second input,displaying a transcription of the user speech within the transcriptionportion; determining a user intent based on the domain associated withthe displayed affordance and the user speech; determining whether theuser intent includes a command associated with the displayed affordance;and in accordance with a determination that the user intent includes acommand associated with the displayed affordance, performing a task infurtherance of the command.
 21. The electronic device of claim 20, theone or more programs including instructions for: displaying anaffordance and additional content with the displayed affordance; inresponse to receiving the first input: modifying an appearance of theadditional content; and providing at least one of an audible output anda haptic output.
 22. The electronic device of claim 20, whereinreceiving the first input including activation of the displayedaffordance comprises: determining whether the first input is associatedwith a pressure greater than a predetermined threshold; and inaccordance with a determination that the first input is associated witha pressure greater than the predetermined threshold, determining thatthe first input is received.
 23. The electronic device of claim 20,wherein receiving the first input including activation of the displayedaffordance comprises: receiving, at a position on a display of theelectronic device, a first contact associated with a first duration; andreceiving, at the position on the display, a second contact associatedwith a second duration, wherein the second duration is longer than thefirst duration.
 24. The electronic device of claim 20, wherein receivingthe first input including activation of the displayed affordancecomprises: receiving, at a first position on a display of the electronicdevice, a first contact; detecting a swipe gesture on the display;detecting, at a second position on the display, a release of thecontact; and determining the affordance based on an area associated withthe first position, the swipe gesture, and the second position.
 25. Theelectronic device of claim 20, wherein receiving the first inputincluding activation of the displayed affordance comprises: detecting auser gaze corresponding to the displayed affordance, wherein the gaze isassociated with a predefined duration.
 26. The electronic device ofclaim 20, the one or more programs including instructions for: inaccordance with receiving the first input including activation of thedisplayed affordance, displaying a second affordance proximate to thedisplayed affordance; receiving a third input including activation ofthe second displayed affordance; and in accordance with receiving thethird input, sampling audio input to receive the second input.
 27. Theelectronic device of claim 20, wherein the first input is initiated at asecondary device.
 28. The electronic device of claim 20, wherein thesecond input is initiated at a secondary device.
 29. The electronicdevice of claim 20, wherein determining a domain associated with thedisplayed affordance comprises: determining at least one attributeassociated with the displayed affordance; identifying at least oneactionable intent node corresponding to the at least one attribute; anddetermining the user intent based on the at least one identifiedactionable intent node.
 30. The electronic device of claim 20, the oneor more programs including instructions for: determining an affordancetype; in accordance with a determination that the affordance typecorresponds to a predetermined type, determining at least one attributeassociated with displayed content; and determining the user intent basedon the at least one attribute.
 31. The electronic device of claim 30,wherein the affordance type corresponds to at least one of a mail type,a photo type, a map type, a calendar type, or a notification type. 32.The electronic device of claim 20, the one or more programs includinginstructions for: in accordance with a determination that the userintent does not include a command associated with the displayedaffordance, providing at least one command associated with the displayedaffordance.
 33. The electronic device of claim 20, wherein the at leastone command associated with the affordance includes at least one of ashare command, a help command, a delete command, or a search command.34. The electronic device of claim 20, the one or more programsincluding instructions for: receiving audio data; storing apredetermined duration of the received audio data; in accordance withreceiving the first input, obtaining the predetermined duration of thereceived audio data, wherein at least a portion of the second inputincluding user speech is received from the predetermined duration of thereceived audio data.
 35. The electronic device of claim 34, wherein thepredetermined duration of audio includes a most recent duration ofaudio.
 36. The electronic device of claim 20, wherein the user selectionof the displayed affordance includes a touch input on the displayedaffordance, the one or more programs including instructions for: inaccordance with receiving the touch input, activating a microphone tosample audio input in order to receive the second input; determiningwhether the touch input is maintained; and in accordance with adetermination that the touch input is maintained, continuing to samplethe audio input; and in accordance with a determination that the touchinput is released, deactivating the microphone.
 37. The electronicdevice of claim 20, the one or more programs including instructions for:in response to receiving the first input, sampling audio input toreceive the second input; determining, based on the sampling, whether apredetermined duration of audio includes user speech; in accordance witha determination that the predetermined duration of audio includes userspeech, continuing to sample the audio input; and in accordance with adetermination that the predetermined duration of audio does not includeuser speech, discontinuing to sample the audio input.
 38. The electronicdevice of claim 37, wherein the predetermined duration of audio includesa most recent duration of audio.
 39. A method, comprising: at anelectronic device with one or more processors and memory: receiving afirst input including activation of a displayed affordance, wherein thefirst input includes a user selection of the displayed affordance on adisplay of the electronic device; in response to receiving the firstinput, displaying a transcription portion adjacent to the displayedaffordance; determining a domain associated with the displayedaffordance; receiving a second input including user speech; in responseto receiving the second input, displaying a transcription of the userspeech within the transcription portion; determining a user intent basedon the domain associated with the displayed affordance and the userspeech; determining whether the user intent includes a commandassociated with the displayed affordance; and in accordance with adetermination that the user intent includes a command associated withthe displayed affordance, performing a task in furtherance of thecommand.
 40. The method of claim 39, comprising: displaying anaffordance and additional content with the displayed affordance; inresponse to receiving the first input: modifying an appearance of theadditional content; and providing at least one of an audible output anda haptic output.
 41. The method of claim 40, wherein the predeterminedduration of audio includes a most recent duration of audio.
 42. Themethod of claim 39, wherein receiving the first input includingactivation of the displayed affordance comprises: determining whetherthe first input is associated with a pressure greater than apredetermined threshold; and in accordance with a determination that thefirst input is associated with a pressure greater than the predeterminedthreshold, determining that the first input is received.
 43. The methodof claim 39, wherein receiving the first input including activation ofthe displayed affordance comprises: receiving, at a position on adisplay of the electronic device, a first contact associated with afirst duration; and receiving, at the position on the display, a secondcontact associated with a second duration, wherein the second durationis longer than the first duration.
 44. The method of claim 39, whereinreceiving the first input including activation of the displayedaffordance comprises: receiving, at a first position on a display of theelectronic device, a first contact; detecting a swipe gesture on thedisplay; detecting, at a second position on the display, a release ofthe contact; and determining the affordance based on an area associatedwith the first position, the swipe gesture, and the second position. 45.The method of claim 39, wherein receiving the first input includingactivation of the displayed affordance comprises: detecting a user gazecorresponding to the displayed affordance, wherein the gaze isassociated with a predefined duration.
 46. The method of claim 39,comprising: in accordance with receiving the first input includingactivation of the displayed affordance, displaying a second affordanceproximate to the displayed affordance; receiving a third input includingactivation of the second displayed affordance; and in accordance withreceiving the third input, sampling audio input to receive the secondinput.
 47. The method of claim 39, wherein the first input is initiatedat a secondary device.
 48. The method of claim 39, wherein the secondinput is initiated at a secondary device.
 49. The method of claim 39,wherein determining a domain associated with the displayed affordancecomprises: determining at least one attribute associated with thedisplayed affordance; identifying at least one actionable intent nodecorresponding to the at least one attribute; and determining the userintent based on the at least one identified actionable intent node. 50.The method of claim 39, comprising: determining an affordance type; inaccordance with a determination that the affordance type corresponds toa predetermined type, determining at least one attribute associated withdisplayed content; and determining the user intent based on the at leastone attribute.
 51. The method of claim 50, wherein the affordance typecorresponds to at least one of a mail type, a photo type, a map type, acalendar type, or a notification type.
 52. The method of claim 39,comprising: in accordance with a determination that the user intent doesnot include a command associated with the displayed affordance,providing at least one command associated with the displayed affordance.53. The method of claim 39, wherein the at least one command associatedwith the affordance includes at least one of a share command, a helpcommand, a delete command, or a search command.
 54. The method of claim39, comprising: receiving audio data; storing a predetermined durationof the received audio data; in accordance with receiving the firstinput, obtaining the predetermined duration of the received audio data,wherein at least a portion of the second input including user speech isreceived from the predetermined duration of the received audio data. 55.The method of claim 39, wherein the user selection of the displayedaffordance includes a touch input on the displayed affordance, the oneor more programs including instructions for: in accordance withreceiving the touch input, activating a microphone to sample audio inputin order to receive the second input; determining whether the touchinput is maintained; and in accordance with a determination that thetouch input is maintained, continuing to sample the audio input; and inaccordance with a determination that the touch input is released,deactivating the microphone.
 56. The method of claim 39, comprising: inresponse to receiving the first input, sampling audio input to receivethe second input; determining, based on the sampling, whether apredetermined duration of audio includes user speech; in accordance witha determination that the predetermined duration of audio includes userspeech, continuing to sample the audio input; and in accordance with adetermination that the predetermined duration of audio does not includeuser speech, discontinuing to sample the audio input.
 57. The method ofclaim 56, wherein the predetermined duration of audio includes a mostrecent duration of audio.